Banerjee Arghya Narayan, Joo Sang Woo
School of Mechanical and IT Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
Nanotechnology. 2024 Sep 4;35(47). doi: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad690b.
Li-ion battery is currently considered to be the most proven technology for energy storage systems when it comes to the overall combination of energy, power, cyclability and cost. However, there are continuous expectations for cost reduction in large-scale applications, especially in electric vehicles and grids, alongside growing concerns over safety, availability of natural resources for lithium, and environmental remediation. Therefore, industry and academia have consequently shifted their focus towards 'beyond Li-ion technologies'. In this respect, other non-Li-based alkali-ion/polyvalent-ion batteries, non-Li-based all solid-state batteries, fluoride-ion/ammonium-ion batteries, redox-flow batteries, sand batteries and hydrogen fuel cells etc. are becoming potential cost-effective alternatives. While there has been notable swift advancement across various materials, chemistries, architectures, and applications in this field, a comprehensive overview encompassing high-energy 'beyond Li-ion' technologies, along with considerations of commercial viability, is currently lacking. Therefore, in this review article, a rationalized approach is adopted to identify notable 'post-Li' candidates. Their pros and cons are comprehensively presented by discussing the fundamental principles in terms of material characteristics, relevant chemistries, and architectural developments that make a good high-energy 'beyond Li' storage system. Furthermore, a concise summary outlining the primary challenges of each system is provided, alongside the potential strategies being implemented to mitigate these issues. Additionally, the extent to which these strategies have positively influenced the performance of these 'post-Li' technologies is discussed.
就能量、功率、循环寿命和成本的整体组合而言，锂离子电池目前被认为是储能系统中最成熟的技术。然而，大规模应用中对成本降低的期望持续存在，特别是在电动汽车和电网领域，同时人们对安全性、锂自然资源的可用性以及环境修复的担忧也日益增加。因此，工业界和学术界相应地将重点转向了“超越锂离子技术”。在这方面，其他非锂基碱离子/多价离子电池、非锂基全固态电池、氟离子/铵离子电池、液流电池、沙电池和氢燃料电池等正成为潜在的具有成本效益的替代品。虽然该领域在各种材料、化学组成、结构和应用方面取得了显著的快速进展，但目前缺乏对高能“超越锂离子”技术的全面概述以及对商业可行性的考虑。因此，在这篇综述文章中，采用了一种合理的方法来识别值得关注的“后锂”候选技术。通过讨论材料特性、相关化学组成和结构发展等方面的基本原理，全面介绍了它们的优缺点，这些原理构成了一个良好的高能“超越锂”存储系统。此外，还简要总结了每个系统的主要挑战，以及为缓解这些问题而正在实施的潜在策略。此外，还讨论了这些策略对这些“后锂”技术性能产生积极影响的程度。
