Khalid Rimsha, Shah Afzal, Javed Mohsin, Hussain Hazrat
Department of Chemistry Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
RSC Adv. 2025 May 14;15(20):15951-15998. doi: 10.1039/d5ra02042e. eCollection 2025 May 12.
This review critically examines various electrode materials employed in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and their impact on battery performance. It highlights the transition from traditional lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries to modern LIBs, emphasizing their energy density, efficiency, and longevity. It primarily focuses on cathode materials, including LiMnO, LiCoO, and LiFePO, while also exploring emerging materials such as organosulfides, nanomaterials, and transition metal oxides & sulfides. It also presents an overview of the anode materials based on their mechanism, , intercalation-deintercalation, alloying, and conversion-type anode materials. The strengths, limitations, and synthesis techniques associated with each material are discussed. This review also delves into cathode materials, such as soft and hard carbon and high-nickel systems, assessing their influence on storage performance. Additionally, the article addresses safety concerns, recycling strategies, environmental impact evaluations, and disposal practices. It highlights emerging trends in the development of electrode materials, focusing on potential solutions and innovations. This comprehensive review provides an overview of current lithium-ion battery technology, identifying technical challenges and opportunities for advancement to promote efficient, sustainable, and environmentally responsible energy storage solutions. This review also examines the issues confronting lithium-ion batteries, including high production costs, scarcity of materials, and safety risks, with suggestions to address them through doping, coatings, and incorporation of nanomaterials.
本综述批判性地研究了锂离子电池（LIBs）中使用的各种电极材料及其对电池性能的影响。它强调了从传统铅酸电池和镍镉电池向现代锂离子电池的转变，重点介绍了它们的能量密度、效率和寿命。它主要关注阴极材料，包括LiMnO、LiCoO和LiFePO，同时也探索新兴材料，如有机硫化物、纳米材料以及过渡金属氧化物和硫化物。它还根据阳极材料的机理，即嵌入-脱嵌、合金化和转换型阳极材料，对阳极材料进行了概述。讨论了每种材料的优点、局限性和合成技术。本综述还深入研究了阴极材料，如软碳、硬碳和高镍体系，评估了它们对存储性能的影响。此外，文章还讨论了安全问题、回收策略、环境影响评估和处置方法。它突出了电极材料开发中的新兴趋势，重点关注潜在的解决方案和创新。这篇全面的综述概述了当前的锂离子电池技术，确定了技术挑战和进步机会，以促进高效、可持续和对环境负责的储能解决方案。本综述还研究了锂离子电池面临的问题，包括高生产成本、材料稀缺和安全风险，并提出了通过掺杂、涂层和纳入纳米材料来解决这些问题的建议。
