The impact of tetrodotoxin (TTX) on the gut microbiome in juvenile tiger pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin that accumulates in Takifugu rubripes, commonly known as pufferfish, through the ingestion of TTX-bearing organisms as part of their food chain. Although researchers believe that pufferfish use TTX to relieve stress, data are not currently available on how TTX affects the gut microbiota of pufferfish. To address this gap, our study aimed to investigate whether administering TTX to fish could alter their gut microbiota and overall health under various salinity conditions, including 30.0 ppt, 8.5 ppt, and 1.7 ppt salinity, which represent full-strength, isosmotic, and low-salinity stress, respectively. We analyzed the effect of TTX ingestion on the community structure, core microbiome, and metabolic capabilities of the gut microbiome using high-throughput sequencing technologies. The predominant bacterial taxa within the gut microbiome were Firmicutes (21-85%), Campilobacterota (2.8-67%), Spirochaetota (0.5-14%), and Proteobacteria (0.7-9.8%), with Mycoplasma, uncultured Arcobacteraceae, Brevinema, Vibrio, Rubritalea, and uncultured Pirellulaceae as core genera. Our findings indicated that the impact of TTX on high-abundance genera at 30.0 ppt and 8.5 ppt salinity levels was negligible, indicating their stability and resilience to TTX ingestion. However, at 1.7 ppt, TTX-fed fish showed a significant increase in uncultured Arcobacteraceae. Furthermore, our analysis of TTX-fed fish revealed taxonomic alterations in low-abundance taxa, which altered the predicted functions of the gut microbiota at all salinity levels. These results suggest that TTX administration could cause subtle effects on the metabolic functions of gut microbial communities. Overall, our study provides insights into the complex relationship between a TTX-accumulating animal, T. rubripes, and its gut microbiota.