Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Research, Innovation and Education, Hapsa & Karatasou 1, 54626 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir 10145, Turkey.
Mar Drugs. 2022 Jan 3;20(1):47. doi: 10.3390/md20010047.
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a crystalline, weakly basic, colorless organic substance and is one of the most potent marine toxins known. Although TTX was first isolated from pufferfish, it has been found in numerous other marine organisms and a few terrestrial species. Moreover, tetrodotoxication is still an important health problem today, as TTX has no known antidote. TTX poisonings were most commonly reported from Japan, Thailand, and China, but today the risk of TTX poisoning is spreading around the world. Recent studies have shown that TTX-containing fish are being found in other regions of the Pacific and in the Indian Ocean, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. This review aims to summarize pertinent information available to date on the structure, origin, distribution, mechanism of action of TTX and analytical methods used for the detection of TTX, as well as on TTX-containing organisms, symptoms of TTX poisoning, and incidence worldwide.
河豚毒素（TTX）是一种结晶状、弱碱性、无色的有机物质，是已知的最具毒性的海洋毒素之一。尽管 TTX 最初是从河豚鱼中分离出来的，但它已在许多其他海洋生物和一些陆地物种中被发现。此外，由于 TTX 没有已知的解毒剂，因此河豚毒素中毒仍然是一个重要的健康问题。TTX 中毒的报告最常见于日本、泰国和中国，但如今 TTX 中毒的风险正在全球范围内蔓延。最近的研究表明，含有 TTX 的鱼类不仅在太平洋和印度洋地区，而且在地中海地区也有发现。本文综述旨在总结目前有关 TTX 的结构、来源、分布、作用机制以及用于检测 TTX 的分析方法，以及含有 TTX 的生物体、TTX 中毒的症状和全球发病率等方面的相关信息。
