Elejalde B R, de Elejalde M M, Heitman T
J Ultrasound Med. 1985 Dec;4(12):633-9. doi: 10.7863/jum.1985.4.12.633.
The results of the ultrasonographic determination of fetal gender in utero in 722 fetuses (13-35 weeks' gestation) are described, demonstrating that fetal genitalia can be seen in 60.5 per cent of those examined before the eighteenth week, and in 100 per cent of those examined twice or once after 20 weeks of gestation. All errors (3.04 per cent) of gender assignment occurred before the twenty-fourth week. When the fetus was examined for the first time at 17 weeks, the genitalia were visualized and correctly diagnosed in 282 males and 155 females; nine males and 13 females were incorrectly diagnosed. Ultrasonographic determination of fetal gender in utero is an integral part of the prenatal diagnosis of sex maldefinition, testicular feminization, and campomelic dysplasia. It has proved to be a reliable marker in determining whether each sac has been sampled in multiple pregnancies (when each fetus is in a different sac) if ultrasonographically assigned sex per twin corresponds to its karyotype. The determination of fetal gender in utero by ultrasonography allows for gender selection; some of its ethical implications are considered.
本文描述了对722例胎儿（妊娠13 - 35周）进行宫内超声测定胎儿性别的结果，表明在妊娠18周前接受检查的胎儿中，60.5%的胎儿生殖器可见，而在妊娠20周后接受一次或两次检查的胎儿中，100%的胎儿生殖器可见。所有性别判定错误（3.04%）均发生在妊娠24周前。当胎儿在17周时首次接受检查时，282例男性胎儿和155例女性胎儿的生殖器被可视化并正确诊断；9例男性胎儿和13例女性胎儿被错误诊断。宫内超声测定胎儿性别是性发育异常、睾丸女性化和弯肢侏儒症产前诊断的一个组成部分。如果超声确定的双胞胎性别与其核型相符，它已被证明是确定多胎妊娠中每个羊膜腔是否都已采样（当每个胎儿位于不同羊膜腔时）的可靠标志。超声检查宫内胎儿性别允许进行性别选择；文中考虑了其一些伦理问题。
