Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Department of Physical Education, Farhangian University, P.O. Box 14665-889, Tehran, Iran.
BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024 Aug 2;25(1):618. doi: 10.1186/s12891-024-07552-5.
Upper cross syndrome is one of the most common disorders of the upper part of body, often associated with abnormalities of forward head, forward shoulders, elevated and protracted of scapula, and increased thoracic kyphosis. Conducting research on upper cross syndrome, especially in girls, is of highly significant, considering this issue and lack of examination of complications and consequences of this syndrome; therefore, this study aims to compare the balance and proprioception of the shoulder joint in girls with and without upper cross syndrome.Method The statistical population included two groups of 10-12-year-old female students, i.e., healthy and those with upper cross syndrome in the city of Khalkhal in Iran in 2022-2023. A total of 60 girl children were included in this study. The subjects were screened using a checker board and after quantitative evaluations of posture, they were assigned into two groups: healthy group (No. 30) and the one suffering from upper cross syndrome (No. 30). Forward head and forward shoulder angle were assessed using photography and kinovea software, kyphosis angle using Goniometer-pro app, static and dynamic balance using BESS and Y tests, also proprioception at angles of 45- and 80-degrees external rotation of the shoulder joint through photography and kinovea software. Data were analyzed through independent t-test in SPSS software version 26 at the significance level of 0.05.Results Healthy girls were in a better position in all variables of static balance (1.14 95% CI: [0.96, 1.70], p = 0.001), dynamic balance (0.81, 95% CI: [0.73,1.24], p = 0.001), proprioception of external rotation of shoulder joint at 45- (0.78, 95% CI: [0.64, 1.14], p = 0.001) and 80-degrees (0.89, 95% CI: [0.59, 1.34], p = 0.001) angles than those with upper cross syndrome.Conclusion It can be concluded that upper cross syndrome causes a decrease in balance and proprioception of the shoulder joint in female students; therefore, along with correcting the abnormalities, special attention should be paid to strengthening and improving these components. It is recommended for rehabilitation professionals to apply exercise training programs to improve the balance and proprioception and correct of the upper cross syndrome: that the strengthening of these components prevents musculoskeletal disorders.Implications for clinical practice• It is recommended for rehabilitation professionals to apply exercise training programs to improve the balance and proprioception of individual with upper cross syndrome.• It is recommended for rehabilitation professionals to apply exercise training programs to correct of the upper cross syndrome in order to prevents musculoskeletal disorders.
上交叉综合征是上半身最常见的疾病之一，常伴有头部前倾、肩部前伸、肩胛骨抬高和前伸以及胸椎后凸增加。对上交叉综合征进行研究，尤其是对女孩进行研究，具有重要意义，因为这个问题缺乏对这种综合征的并发症和后果的检查；因此，本研究旨在比较有无上交叉综合征的女孩的肩关节平衡和本体感觉。
统计人群包括伊朗哈卡哈尔市 2022-2023 年的两组 10-12 岁女学生，即健康组和上交叉综合征组。共有 60 名女儿童参与了这项研究。通过棋盘检查对受试者进行筛查，在对姿势进行定量评估后，将其分为两组：健康组（30 人）和患有上交叉综合征的组（30 人）。使用摄影和 kinovea 软件评估头部前倾和肩部前伸角度，使用 Goniometer-pro 应用程序评估后凸角度，使用 BESS 和 Y 测试评估静态和动态平衡，还使用摄影和 kinovea 软件评估肩关节外旋 45-和 80-度时的本体感觉。数据通过 SPSS 软件版本 26 中的独立 t 检验进行分析，显著性水平为 0.05。
健康女孩在静态平衡（1.14，95%CI：[0.96，1.70]，p=0.001）、动态平衡（0.81，95%CI：[0.73，1.24]，p=0.001）、肩关节外旋 45-度的本体感觉（0.78，95%CI：[0.64，1.14]，p=0.001）和 80-度（0.89，95%CI：[0.59，1.34]，p=0.001）方面的位置均优于上交叉综合征组。
上交叉综合征导致女学生的平衡和肩关节本体感觉下降；因此，除了纠正异常外，还应特别注意加强和改善这些方面。建议康复专业人员应用运动训练计划来提高平衡和本体感觉，并纠正上交叉综合征：加强这些组成部分可预防肌肉骨骼疾病。
临床意义
• 建议康复专业人员应用运动训练计划来提高患有上交叉综合征个体的平衡和本体感觉。
• 建议康复专业人员应用运动训练计划来纠正上交叉综合征，以预防肌肉骨骼疾病。
