Public Health Institute, Oakland, CA, United States.
Public Health Institute, Oakland, CA, United States.
Int J Drug Policy. 2024 Sep;131:104542. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104542. Epub 2024 Aug 3.
Policies governing legal cannabis commerce can vary widely within a U.S. state when local control exists. Disproportionate distribution of policies allowing retail sale, protecting public health, or promoting equity in licensing may contribute to differences in health and economic outcomes between sociodemographic subgroups. This cross-sectional study jointly examined racial, ethnic, and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics of Californians subject to specific local cannabis policies to identify such disparities.
Local laws in effect January 1, 2020, governing retail cannabis sales (bans, expanding buffers from youth-serving sites, restricting advertising, promoting equity in licensing, and capping outlets) were determined for California's 539 jurisdictions. The number of Asian, Black, Latinx, and white residents in socioeconomic advantaged versus disadvantaged neighborhoods (Census block groups) was determined using 2015-2019 American Community Survey data. We estimated proportions of the sociodemographic subpopulations covered by specific policies based on the block group's jurisdiction. To ascertain disparities in coverage proportions were compared across subgroups using Z-tests with the Bonferroni correction.
Residents of socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods were more likely to live in jurisdictions allowing retail cannabis commerce than those in disadvantaged neighborhoods (61.7 % versus 54.8 %). Black residents in advantaged neighborhoods were most likely to live where retailing was allowed (69 %), and white residents in disadvantaged neighborhoods least likely (49 %). Latinx and Black populations from disadvantaged neighborhoods were most likely to live in jurisdictions with stronger advertising restrictions (66 %). Equity in licensing policy was more prevalent for Black residents living in advantaged neighborhoods (57 %) than disadvantaged neighborhoods (49 %).
Local cannabis policies potentially protecting public health and social equity are unequally distributed across race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic characteristics in California. Research examining whether differential policy exposure reduces, creates, or perpetuates cannabis-related health and socioeconomic disparities is needed.
在美国的某个州，如果存在地方管制，那么管理合法大麻商业的政策可能会有很大差异。政策在零售销售、保护公共健康或促进许可公平方面的分配不均，可能导致社会人口统计学亚组之间的健康和经济结果存在差异。本横断面研究联合检查了加利福尼亚州受特定地方大麻政策约束的人群的种族、民族和邻里社会经济特征，以确定这些差异。
确定了 2020 年 1 月 1 日生效的加利福尼亚州 539 个司法管辖区的零售大麻销售（禁止、扩大青少年服务场所缓冲区、限制广告、促进许可公平和限制网点）的地方法律。使用 2015-2019 年美国社区调查数据，确定了处于社会经济优势和劣势社区（普查街区组）的亚洲人、黑人和拉丁裔以及白人居民的数量。根据街区组的管辖范围，我们估计了特定政策涵盖的社会人口亚群的比例。使用带有 Bonferroni 校正的 Z 检验比较了不同亚组之间的覆盖比例差异。
处于社会经济优势社区的居民比处于劣势社区的居民更有可能生活在允许零售大麻商业的司法管辖区（61.7%比 54.8%）。处于优势社区的黑人居民最有可能生活在允许零售的地方（69%），而处于劣势社区的白人居民则最不可能（49%）。来自劣势社区的拉丁裔和黑人人口最有可能生活在广告限制更强的司法管辖区（66%）。处于优势社区的黑人居民更容易获得许可公平政策（57%），而处于劣势社区的黑人居民则更不容易（49%）。
在加利福尼亚州，保护公共健康和社会公平的地方大麻政策在种族、民族和社会经济特征方面分配不均。需要研究是否不同的政策暴露会减少、创造或延续与大麻相关的健康和社会经济差异。
