Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Int J Food Microbiol. 2024 Nov 2;424:110849. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110849. Epub 2024 Jul 30.
Biofilm formation in natural environments involving complex multi-structural arrangements hinders challenges in antimicrobial resistance. This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance potential of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) by examining the formation of mono-, dual-, and multi-species biofilms. We also explored the counterintuitive effect in response to GSE at various concentrations, including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub-MIC (1/2 and 1/4 MIC). The results of the swimming and swarming motility tests revealed increased motility at the sub-MIC of GSE. The crystal violet assay demonstrated increased biofilm formation in multi-species biofilms, highlighting the synergistic effect of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes. At the MIC concentration of GSE, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed cell morphology damage, while sub-MIC increased biofilm formation and architectural complexity. Multi-species biofilms demonstrated greater biofilm-forming ability and antimicrobial resistance than mono-species biofilms, indicating synergistic interactions and enhanced resilience. These findings highlight the importance of understanding biofilm dynamics and antimicrobial resistance to ensure environmental safety.
生物膜在自然环境中的形成涉及复杂的多结构排列，这给抗微生物药物耐药性带来了挑战。本研究通过检测单种、两种和多种生物膜的形成来研究柚子籽提取物（GSE）的抗微生物药物耐药性潜力。我们还研究了在不同浓度（包括最小抑菌浓度 [MIC] 和亚 MIC（1/2 和 1/4 MIC））下对 GSE 的反直觉反应。游泳和群集运动测试的结果显示，GSE 的亚 MIC 下运动性增加。结晶紫测定法表明，多种生物膜中的生物膜形成增加，突出了大肠杆菌、肠炎沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌的协同作用。在 GSE 的 MIC 浓度下，场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）显示细胞形态损伤，而亚 MIC 增加了生物膜形成和结构复杂性。与单种生物膜相比，多种生物膜显示出更强的生物膜形成能力和抗微生物药物耐药性，表明存在协同相互作用和增强的弹性。这些发现强调了了解生物膜动力学和抗微生物药物耐药性以确保环境安全的重要性。
