Bendre Megha, Checknita David, Todkar Aniruddha, Åslund Cecilia, Hodgins Sheilagh, Nilsson Kent W
Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden.
Front Psychiatry. 2024 Jul 22;15:1375363. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1375363. eCollection 2024.
Risk-allele carriers of a Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, short-allele (MAOA-S) in males and long-allele (MAOA-L) in females, in the presence of a negative environment, are associated with alcohol misuse. Whether MAOA-S/L alleles also present susceptibility to a positive environment to mitigate the risk of alcohol misuse is unknown. Thus, we assessed the association of the three-way interaction of MAOA, maltreatment, and positive parent-child relationship with alcohol consumption among adolescents.
This prospective study included 1416 adolescents (females: 59.88%) aged 16 - 19 years from Sweden, enrolled in the "Survey of Adolescent Life in Västmanland" in 2012. Adolescents self-reported alcohol consumption, maltreatment by a family (FM) or non-family member (NFM), parent-child relationship, and left saliva for MAOA genotyping.
We observed sex-dependent results. Females carrying MAOA-L with FM or NFM and a good parent-child relationship reported lower alcohol consumption than those with an average or poor parent-child relationship. In males, the interactions were not significant. Results suggest MAOA-L in females, conventionally regarded as a "risk", is a "plasticity" allele as it is differentially susceptible to negative and positive environments. Results highlight the importance of a good parent-child relationship in mitigating the risk of alcohol misuse in maltreated individuals carrying genetic risk. However, the interactions were not significant after adjusting to several environmental and behavioural covariates, especially parent's alcohol use, negative parent-child relationship, and nicotine use (smoking and/or snus), suggesting predictor and outcome intersection. Future studies and frameworks for preventive strategies should consider these covariates together with alcohol consumption. More studies with larger sample sizes are needed to replicate the findings.
单胺氧化酶A（MAOA）基因的风险等位基因携带者，男性为短等位基因（MAOA-S），女性为长等位基因（MAOA-L），在负面环境下与酒精滥用有关。MAOA-S/L等位基因是否也对积极环境具有易感性以减轻酒精滥用风险尚不清楚。因此，我们评估了MAOA、虐待和积极的亲子关系三者之间的相互作用与青少年饮酒之间的关联。
这项前瞻性研究纳入了2012年参加“韦斯特曼兰青少年生活调查”的1416名16 - 19岁的瑞典青少年（女性：59.88%）。青少年自行报告饮酒情况、来自家庭（FM）或非家庭成员（NFM）的虐待、亲子关系，并留下唾液进行MAOA基因分型。
我们观察到了性别依赖性结果。携带MAOA-L且经历FM或NFM以及拥有良好亲子关系的女性报告的饮酒量低于那些亲子关系一般或较差的女性。在男性中，这种相互作用不显著。结果表明，女性中的MAOA-L，传统上被视为一种“风险”，实际上是一种“可塑性”等位基因，因为它对负面和正面环境的易感性不同。结果突出了良好的亲子关系在减轻携带遗传风险的受虐待个体酒精滥用风险方面的重要性。然而，在调整了几个环境和行为协变量后，尤其是父母的饮酒情况、负面的亲子关系和尼古丁使用（吸烟和/或鼻烟）后，这种相互作用并不显著，这表明预测因素和结果存在交叉。未来的研究和预防策略框架应将这些协变量与饮酒情况一并考虑。需要更多样本量更大的研究来重复这些发现。
