A comparison of the large-scale gene expression patterns in summer and fall migratory (Fabricius) in northern China.

(Fabricius) is the most well-known seasonal migratory insect. This research focused on the molecular response of migration in summer and fall. A total of 17,810 assembled unigenes were obtained and 624 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in summer migration compared to fall migration. A number of DEGs, including , 2 and so on, had previously been reported to be involved in cold- and high-temperature resistance. Functional enrichment analysis showed three pathways 'that antibacterial humoral response, response to bacterial, and lipid transporter activity' were significantly enriched in summer migration while that six pathways 'structural constituent of cuticle, chitin binding, mitochondrion, propanoate metabolism, citrate cycle, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy' were significantly enriched in fall migration. These results will provide a valuable baseline for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of insect adaptation to different climate migrations.