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回归基础：石器技术中“溯源”概念助力追踪古人类技术创新

Back(s) to basics: The concept of backing in stone tool technologies for tracing hominins' technical innovations.

作者信息

Delpiano Davide, Gravina Brad, Peresani Marco

机构信息

Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.

Musée National de Préhistoire, Les Eyzies, France.

出版信息

Evol Anthropol. 2024 Dec;33(6):e22045. doi: 10.1002/evan.22045. Epub 2024 Aug 7.

DOI:10.1002/evan.22045
PMID:39109525
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11624295/
Abstract

The evolution of Paleolithic stone tool technologies is characterized by gradual increase in technical complexity along with changes in the composition of assemblages. In this respect, the emergence of retouched-backed tools is an important step and, for some, a proxy for "modern" behavior. However, backed tools emerge relatively early and develop together with major changes in Middle-Upper Pleistocene stone tool technologies. We provide an updated review of the emergence and development of the "backing" concept across multiple chrono-cultural contexts and discuss its relationship to both the emergence of hafting and major evolutionary steps in the ergonomics of stone tool use. Finally, we address potential mechanisms of context-specific re-invention of backing based primarily on data from the late Middle Paleolithic of Western Europe.

摘要

旧石器时代石器技术的演变特点是技术复杂性逐渐增加，同时组合成分也发生变化。在这方面，修整背面工具的出现是重要的一步，对一些人来说，它是“现代”行为的代表。然而，背面工具出现得相对较早，并与中更新世晚期至晚更新世石器技术的重大变化共同发展。我们对“修整背面”概念在多个年代文化背景下的出现和发展进行了更新综述，并讨论了它与 hafting 的出现以及石器使用人体工程学主要进化步骤之间的关系。最后，我们主要基于西欧旧石器时代中期晚期的数据，探讨了特定背景下重新发明修整背面的潜在机制。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/3e7c02a243c4/EVAN-33-e22045-g006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/0b279958a0d1/EVAN-33-e22045-g005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/bc052f56e451/EVAN-33-e22045-g008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/f3336361a030/EVAN-33-e22045-g007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/38a84330f075/EVAN-33-e22045-g002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/1cf91eba0c59/EVAN-33-e22045-g001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/339f1706614f/EVAN-33-e22045-g003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/059bf24e1202/EVAN-33-e22045-g004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/3e7c02a243c4/EVAN-33-e22045-g006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/0b279958a0d1/EVAN-33-e22045-g005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/bc052f56e451/EVAN-33-e22045-g008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/f3336361a030/EVAN-33-e22045-g007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/38a84330f075/EVAN-33-e22045-g002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/1cf91eba0c59/EVAN-33-e22045-g001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/339f1706614f/EVAN-33-e22045-g003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/059bf24e1202/EVAN-33-e22045-g004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b842/11624295/3e7c02a243c4/EVAN-33-e22045-g006.jpg

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本文引用的文献

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Sci Adv. 2024 Feb 23;10(8):eadl0822. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adl0822. Epub 2024 Feb 21.
2
Hafted technologies likely reduced stone tool-related selective pressures acting on the hominin hand.柄状技术可能减轻了石器工具相关的选择性压力，从而作用于人类手部。
Sci Rep. 2023 Sep 20;13(1):15582. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42096-z.
3
Long-term behavioral adaptation of Oldowan toolmakers to resource-constrained environments at 2.3 Ma in the Lower Omo Valley (Ethiopia).
230 万年前下奥莫河谷（埃塞俄比亚）资源受限环境中奥杜威工具制造者的长期行为适应。
Sci Rep. 2023 Sep 1;13(1):14350. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40793-3.
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The revolution that still isn't: The origins of behavioral complexity in Homo sapiens.仍未发生的革命：人类行为复杂性的起源。
J Hum Evol. 2023 Jun;179:103358. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103358. Epub 2023 Apr 13.
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Butchering knives and hafting at the Late Middle Paleolithic open-air site of Nahal Mahanayeem Outlet (NMO), Israel.以色列纳哈尔马卡内姆出口（NMO）晚中石器时代露天遗址的屠宰刀和柄。
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Howiesons Poort backed artifacts provide evidence for social connectivity across southern Africa during the Final Pleistocene.豪威逊角背饰提供了末次冰期期间整个南非南部地区社会连通性的证据。
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