Kim Hyeong-Chan
School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Korea.
Heliyon. 2024 Jul 10;10(14):e34249. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34249. eCollection 2024 Jul 30.
We study thermodynamics of a heat-conducting ideal gas system. The study is based on i) the first law of thermodynamics from action formulation which expects heat-dependence of energy density and ii) the existence condition of a (local) Lorentz boost between an Eckart observer and a Landau-Lifshitz observer-a condition that extends the stability criterion of thermal equilibrium. The implications of these conditions include: i) Heat contributes to the energy density through the combination where , , and Θ represent heat, the number density, and the temperature, respectively. ii) The energy density has a unique minimum at . iii) The temperature upper bound suppresses the heat dependence of the energy density inverse quadratically. This result explains why the expected heat dependence is difficult to observe in ordinary situation thermodynamics.
我们研究了一个导热理想气体系统的热力学。该研究基于：i）从作用量表述出发的热力学第一定律，它预期能量密度与热量有关；ii）埃卡特观察者和朗道 - 栗弗席兹观察者之间（局部）洛伦兹变换的存在条件——该条件扩展了热平衡的稳定性判据。这些条件的影响包括：i）热量通过组合 对能量密度有贡献，其中 、 和 Θ 分别表示热量、数密度和温度。ii）能量密度在 处有唯一最小值。iii）温度上限以二次方反比的形式抑制能量密度对热量的依赖。这一结果解释了为什么在普通热力学情形下难以观测到预期的热量依赖关系。
