Yabani Daniel Sitsofe, Ofosu Isaac Williams, Ankar-Brewoo Gloria Mathanda, Lutterodt Herman Erick
New Products Development Unit, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana.
Food Systems Chemistry, Toxicology, and Risks Studies, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana.
Heliyon. 2024 Jul 16;10(14):e34680. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34680. eCollection 2024 Jul 30.
The safety of vegetable oils has come under intense scrutiny ever since the International Agency for Research on Cancer issued an alert on the carcinogenic properties of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE). In this study, a total of 114 samples of artisanal palm oil (PO), palm kernel oil (PKO), and coconut oil (CO) were sourced from three regions in Ghana. The concentrations of 3-MCPDE and GE were quantified using the indirect method with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Subsequently, the statistical distribution functions of the concentrations of the esters were fitted using the Palisade @risk software. The relationships between the esters in the oils were determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed no correlation (p > 0.05) between the concentrations of 3-MCPDE and GE. However, 18-60 % of the sampled PO contained 3-MCPDE above the European Commission's 2.5 mg/kg limit. In comparison, 24-35 % of the PO contained GE at levels exceeding the Commission's 1 mg/kg limit. Similarly, 25-35 % of PKO samples had GE concentrations above the limit. CO was the least contaminated oil, with little or no evidence of 3-MCPE and GE formation. Though the most frequently occurring (modal) concentrations of the esters were below the limits imposed by the Commission, it is the 95th percentile level of concentrations, especially for PO, that pose a health concern. Serious education and control must be exercised over the production of PO to enhance safety at the national and international markets.
自国际癌症研究机构发布关于3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯（3-MCPDE）和缩水甘油酯（GE）致癌特性的警报以来，植物油的安全性受到了严格审查。在本研究中，共从加纳的三个地区采集了114份手工棕榈油（PO）、棕榈仁油（PKO）和椰子油（CO）样本。采用气相色谱-质谱联用的间接方法对3-MCPDE和GE的浓度进行了定量。随后，使用Palisade @risk软件拟合了酯类浓度的统计分布函数。利用皮尔逊相关系数确定了油中酯类之间的关系。结果表明，3-MCPDE和GE的浓度之间无相关性（p>0.05）。然而，18%-60%的抽样PO中3-MCPDE含量超过了欧盟委员会规定的2.5 mg/kg限量。相比之下，24%-35%的PO中GE含量超过了委员会规定的1 mg/kg限量。同样，25%-35%的PKO样本中GE浓度超过了限量。CO是污染最少的油，几乎没有或没有3-MCPE和GE形成的证据。尽管酯类最常出现（模态）的浓度低于委员会规定的限量，但尤其是PO的第95百分位数浓度水平，令人担忧健康问题。必须对PO的生产进行严格的教育和管控，以提高国内和国际市场的安全性。
