Department of Economics, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin City, China.
Department of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Shannxi City, China.
PLoS One. 2024 Aug 12;19(8):e0304015. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304015. eCollection 2024.
Government intervention has become an important measure to restrain groundwater overexploitation. This paper analyzes the effect of three types of government intervention measures, namely, guidance, incentive and constraint, on farmers' groundwater utilization behavior, from the perspective of scale-heterogeneity, using general quantile regression model, by survey data of 1122 households in well irrigation area of north China. The results showed that: (1) the incentive and guiding measures have negative effects on farmers' groundwater usage, while the effect of restrictive measures is not obvious. The guided policy is superior to the incentive measure as to governance effect. (2) With the increase of farmers' land scale, the influence of incentive measures shows a trend of weakening, and the effect of guided measures on groundwater demand reduction of farmers is stronger. When it comes to the different point of water consumption, when at the point level of 0.25, the incentive measures have the most obvious inhibitory effect. With the increase of water consumption of farmers, the guided measures begin to play a core role. The effect of restrictive measures is not obvious with the increase of water consumption. (3) In addition, farmers' irrigation water consumption also is affected by gender, cognition of water resources shortage, ecological cognitive level, acquisition ability of disaster information, village rain conditions, the degree of water rights market development, feelings of water fee increase, irrigated disputes in the village, collective economic level of village. The selection of policy tools is flexible according to the farmers' land scale for groundwater over-extraction control.
政府干预已成为遏制地下水过度开采的重要措施。本文利用华北井灌区 1122 户农户调查数据，采用广义分位数回归模型，从规模异质性的角度，分析了指导、激励和约束三种类型的政府干预措施对农户地下水利用行为的影响。结果表明：（1）激励和引导措施对农户地下水使用具有负向影响，而约束措施的效果并不明显。指导政策在治理效果上优于激励措施。（2）随着农户土地规模的增加，激励措施的影响呈减弱趋势，引导措施对农户减少地下水需求的作用更强。在用水量的不同点上，当处于 0.25 的点水平时，激励措施的抑制作用最为明显。随着农户用水量的增加，引导措施开始发挥核心作用。约束措施的效果随着用水量的增加并不明显。（3）此外，农户的灌溉用水量还受到性别、水资源短缺认知、生态认知水平、灾害信息获取能力、村庄降雨条件、水权市场发展程度、水费上涨感受、村内灌溉纠纷、村集体经济水平等因素的影响。针对地下水超采，应根据农户土地规模灵活选择政策工具。
