Investigation of the role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in new-generation BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors-induced hepatotoxicity.

New generation BCR-ABL1 TKIs raised attention regarding their adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity. Indeed, bosutinib and nilotinib were associated with severe hepatotoxicity compared with imatinib. Moreover, ponatinib has a boxed warning due to its potential to cause inflammatory liver damage, even death. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the underlying mechanism of ponatinib and bosutinib-induced hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, we determined the initiating event of this adverse outcome pathway by measuring the levels of reactive oxygen species as well as mitochondrial membrane potential in AML12 cells. The results demonstrated that ponatinib or bosutinib markedly inhibited cell viability and caused cytosolic membrane damage in cells. Moreover, drugs (IC) dramatically induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, which led to upregulation in the expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes and proteins, activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes, cleavage of gasdermin-D and caspase-1, secretion of IL-1β, and cytosolic membrane damage. Furthermore, MCC950, a well-known specific inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome, and antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine reversed the effects of drugs on the NLRP3 signaling pathway and cytosolic membranes. In summary, NLRP3 inflammasome activation is involved in new-generation BCR-ABL1 TKIs-triggered hepatotoxicity. Mitochondrial damage and reactive oxygen species accumulation were significant upstream signaling events in this signaling pathway.