J.J.R. Macleod: Misunderstood, Misinterpreted, and Maligned.

After the discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto in 1921-22, Frederick Banting and Charles Best downplayed the contributions of physiology professor John James Rickard Macleod, the director of the laboratory where the discovery was made. Banting and Best, their allies, and to a lesser extent the university promoted a "fairy tale" version in which the two young investigators made the discovery on their own, creating the so-called "Banting and Best myth." Over the next 60 years, the myth prevailed and Macleod's reputation became increasingly tarnished, with both Banting and Best actively maligning their former mentor. While the publication of Michael Bliss' in 1982 placed Macleod's reputation on the road to recovery, there are still many lingering issues that have been raised, and Macleod remains misunderstood, misinterpreted, and maligned. This paper, using primary and secondary historical sources, addresses topics that have been repetitively raised by Macleod's detractors over the past century.