Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 33048, Dammam, 31448, Saudi Arabia.
Physical Therapy Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
BMC Microbiol. 2024 Aug 13;24(1):303. doi: 10.1186/s12866-024-03456-5.
Food-associated antibiotic-resistant bacteria can cause infections that may critically impact human health. The objectives of this study were to determine the microbial contamination level of green leafy vegetables and their antibiotic resistance pattern.
Sixty-three samples of leafy vegetables were collected from Dammam Central Fruit and Vegetables Market from January to June 2023. The vegetables included lettuce (Lactuca sativa), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), and watercress (Nasturtium officinale). Samples were tested by standard microbiological techniques for identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Eight types of bacteria belonging to six different genera were detected. Enterobacteriaceae family was represented by four genera: Klebsiella, Proteus, Morganella, and Enterobacter. The other two genera were Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. Enterobacter cloacae was the most abundant organism, followed by Pseudomonas putida and Aeromonas sobria. On the other hand, Morganella morganii, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Proteus mirabilis were the least abundant. The three vegetable types had different levels of bacterial contamination. All isolated organisms were sensitive to penicillin, cephalosporin, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone. However, Klebsiella oxytoca, M. morganii, and K. pneumonia showed resistance to ampicillin. A. hydrophila, Morganella morganii, and E. cloacae showed resistance to amoxicillin. M. morganii and E. cloacae were found to be resistant to cefalotin. Moreover, A. hydrophila, M. morganii, and E. cloacae were resistant to cefoxitin. Again, A. hydrophila was found to be resistant to imipenem. Only M. morganii was resistant to Ciprofloxacin. Two isolates, P. mirabilis and M. morganii were resistant to tigecycline. Another two, M. morganii and P. mirabilis were resistant to Nitrofurantoin. Only M. morganii was found to be resistant to trimethoprim.
This study aligns with the broad consensus in the literature about the significance of bacterial contamination in vegetables and the public health implications. The unique focus on antibiotic resistance patterns adds an essential dimension to the existing body of knowledge.
与食物相关的抗生素耐药细菌会导致感染，可能会严重影响人类健康。本研究的目的是确定绿叶蔬菜的微生物污染水平及其抗生素耐药模式。
2023 年 1 月至 6 月，从达曼中央果蔬市场采集了 63 份叶菜样本。蔬菜包括生菜（Lactuca sativa）、欧芹（Petroselinum crispum）和豆瓣菜（Nasturtium officinale）。采用标准微生物学技术对样品进行鉴定和抗生素药敏试验。
检测到属于六个不同属的八种细菌。肠杆菌科由四个属代表：克雷伯氏菌属、普罗维登斯菌属、摩根菌属和肠杆菌属。另外两个属是假单胞菌属和气单胞菌属。阴沟肠杆菌是最丰富的生物体，其次是恶臭假单胞菌和温和气单胞菌。另一方面，摩氏摩根菌、嗜水气单胞菌和奇异变形杆菌是最少的。三种蔬菜类型的细菌污染程度不同。所有分离出的微生物均对青霉素、头孢菌素、氨基糖苷类和氟喹诺酮类敏感。然而，产酸克雷伯氏菌、摩氏摩根菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌对氨苄西林表现出耐药性。嗜水气单胞菌、摩氏摩根菌和阴沟肠杆菌对阿莫西林表现出耐药性。摩氏摩根菌和阴沟肠杆菌对头孢噻吩表现出耐药性。此外，嗜水气单胞菌、摩氏摩根菌和阴沟肠杆菌对头孢西丁表现出耐药性。同样，嗜水气单胞菌对亚胺培南表现出耐药性。只有摩氏摩根菌对环丙沙星表现出耐药性。两种分离株，奇异变形杆菌和摩氏摩根菌对替加环素表现出耐药性。另外两种，摩氏摩根菌和奇异变形杆菌对呋喃妥因表现出耐药性。只有摩氏摩根菌对甲氧苄啶表现出耐药性。
本研究与文献中关于蔬菜细菌污染和公共卫生影响的重要性的广泛共识一致。对抗生素耐药模式的独特关注为现有知识体系增添了一个重要维度。
