Cardiac surgical techniques for treating intractable ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Recurrent, sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias unresponsive to medical therapy are associated with a one-year mortality of 70 to 85%. Patients who are susceptible to these reentrant arrhythmias usually have a history of previous myocardial infarction or chronic myocardial ischemic disease. More specifically, these patients demonstrate both anatomic and electrophysiologic derangements. Experimental work suggests that regions of non-uniform damage render the ventricle more susceptible to ventricular tachyarrhythmias; even relatively large areas of homogeneous myocardial ischemic damage may not display the same susceptibility to these arrhythmias. Surgical techniques are being devised to treat patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias refractory to medical management. These have provided control of arrhythmias in patients whose disease was previously resistant to all medical treatment. The evolving surgical therapies presently employed share either of two pathophysiologic consequences which render them successful: the homogeneous ablation of previous heterogeneous myocardial ischemic damage or the delimiting of an arrhythmogenic focus by excluding conduction to surrounding myocardium. Finally, antitachycardia and defibrillating devices have also been developed to facilitate the management of patients not controlled satisfactorily with either conventional or investigative drugs. All physicians will need to be familiar with these devices.