Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
Chemosphere. 2024 Sep;364:143099. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143099. Epub 2024 Aug 14.
Biocides are present in personal care (including preservatives or antibacterials), pest control, and disinfectant products (including non-agricultural insecticides, fungicides, and disinfectants), and their long-term exposure may induce adverse health effects in humans. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the exposure levels and major exposure predictors of biocides among nationally representative Korean adults. The target group included adults (≥19 years) participating in the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015-2020. We employed survey-weighted multiple regression analysis and conditional inference trees analysis to assess the associations between demographic characteristics, behavioral sources (including personal care product use, pesticide use, and dietary patterns), and urinary levels of phenol (triclosan [TCS]), parabens (methyl paraben [MP], ethyl paraben [EP], propyl paraben [PP], and butyl paraben [BP]), and the pyrethroid insecticide metabolite (3-phenoxybenzoic acid [3-PBA]). Urinary EP, BP, and 3-PBA levels were higher in South Korean adults compared with those in Western countries. Major exposure predictors for MP, EP, and PP included the use of personal care products such as sunscreen, makeup, and hair care products in KoNEHS 2018-2020. Major exposure predictors for TCS and BP were vegetable consumption, and those for 3-PBA were mosquitocide use during summer in KoNEHS 2018-2020. However, these predictors were not observed in KoNEHS 2015-2017. Collectively, our findings suggest that biocide exposure predictors vary according to changes in product use and diet habits of individuals. Therefore, developing strategies to mitigate biocide exposure based on the demographic and behavioral characteristics of the general population is imperative.
生物杀灭剂存在于个人护理产品（包括防腐剂或抗菌剂）、害虫防治和消毒剂产品（包括非农业杀虫剂、杀真菌剂和消毒剂）中，长期暴露可能会对人类健康产生不良影响。因此，在这项研究中，我们评估了具有代表性的韩国成年人中生物杀灭剂的暴露水平和主要暴露预测因素。目标人群包括参加韩国国家环境健康调查（KoNEHS）2015-2020 年的成年人（≥19 岁）。我们采用了调查加权多元回归分析和条件推断树分析，评估了人口统计学特征、行为来源（包括个人护理产品使用、农药使用和饮食模式）与酚（三氯生[TCS]）、对羟基苯甲酸酯（对羟基苯甲酸甲酯[MP]、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯[EP]、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯[PP]和对羟基苯甲酸丁酯[BP]）和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂代谢物（3-苯氧基苯甲酸[3-PBA]）在尿液中的水平之间的关系。与西方国家相比，韩国成年人尿液中 EP、BP 和 3-PBA 的水平较高。在 KoNEHS 2018-2020 年，MP、EP 和 PP 的主要暴露预测因素包括使用防晒霜、化妆品和护发产品等个人护理产品。TCS 和 BP 的主要暴露预测因素是蔬菜消费，3-PBA 的主要暴露预测因素是 2018-2020 年 KoNEHS 夏季使用杀蚊剂。然而，在 KoNEHS 2015-2017 年并没有观察到这些预测因素。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，生物杀灭剂暴露的预测因素因个人产品使用和饮食习惯的变化而不同。因此，根据一般人群的人口统计学和行为特征制定减轻生物杀灭剂暴露的策略是至关重要的。
