Ma Dong, Zhao Kezhan, Silva Rui Miguel, Wang Ke, Xu Qi, Zhao Zijian
Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336, Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
Xi'an Yixin Middle School, 710082, Xi'an, China.
Heliyon. 2024 Jul 18;10(14):e34609. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34609. eCollection 2024 Jul 30.
Identifying indicators of non-functional overreaching during periods of increased training volume and/or intensity is particularly relevant for understanding the detrimental impacts incurred, as well as how these factors contribute to heightened injury risks among exposed athletes. This study aimed to compare the effects of a congested training period versus a standard training period on the strength levels and landing forces of female young aerobic gymnastics athletes. A prospective cohort study design was implemented, spanning four weeks. Fifty athletes (aged 16.2 ± 1.1 years old) at a trained/developmental level, competing at the regional level, were observed throughout the study. During two of these weeks (specifically weeks 2 and 3), half of the group was subjected to a congested training period consisting of six sessions per week (HTF), while the other half continued with their regular four sessions per week (STF). During each week of observation, participants underwent evaluation using the countermovement jump test (CMJ), squat jump test (SJ), and the leg land and hold test (LHT), with measurements taken on a force platform. The main outcomes repeatedly observed over the four weeks were CMJ peak landing force, CMJ peak power, SJ peak power, SJ maximum negative displacement, LHT time to stabilization, and LHT peak drop landing force. Significant interactions (time*group) were observed in CMJ peak power (p < 0.001), CMJ peak landing force (p < 0.001), SJ peak power (p < 0.001), SJ maximum negative displacement (p < 0.001), LHT time to stabilization (p < 0.001), and LHT peak drop landing force (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the results of the final assessment revealed significantly lower CMJ peak power (p = 0.008) and SJ peak power (p = 0.002) in the HTF group compared to the STF group. Additionally, significantly higher values of CMJ peak landing force (p = 0.041), SJ maximum negative displacement (p = 0.015), and LHT peak drop landing force (p = 0.047) were observed in the HTF group compared to the STF group. In conclusion, the increase in training frequency over two weeks significantly contributed to declines in neuromuscular power performance and peak landing forces. This indicates that intensified training periods may acutely expose athletes not only to performance drops but also to an increased risk of injury due to reduced capacity to absorb landing forces.
在训练量和/或强度增加的时期识别非功能性过度训练的指标，对于理解由此产生的有害影响以及这些因素如何导致受影响运动员受伤风险增加尤为重要。本研究旨在比较密集训练期与标准训练期对年轻女子有氧体操运动员力量水平和落地力量的影响。采用前瞻性队列研究设计，为期四周。在整个研究过程中，观察了50名处于训练/发展水平、参加地区级比赛的运动员（年龄16.2±1.1岁）。在其中两周（具体为第2周和第3周），该组一半的运动员接受每周六节训练课的密集训练期（高强度训练组，HTF），而另一半继续每周进行常规的四节训练课（标准训练组，STF）。在每周观察期间，参与者通过反向纵跳测试（CMJ）、深蹲跳测试（SJ）和腿部落地支撑测试（LHT）进行评估，并在测力平台上进行测量。在四周内反复观察到的主要结果是CMJ峰值落地力、CMJ峰值功率、SJ峰值功率、SJ最大负位移、LHT稳定时间和LHT峰值下降落地力。在CMJ峰值功率（p<0.001）、CMJ峰值落地力（p<0.001）、SJ峰值功率（p<0.001）、SJ最大负位移（p<0.001）、LHT稳定时间（p<0.001）和LHT峰值下降落地力（p<0.001）方面观察到显著的交互作用（时间*组）。此外，最终评估结果显示，与标准训练组相比，高强度训练组的CMJ峰值功率（p=0.008）和SJ峰值功率（p=0.002）显著降低。此外，与标准训练组相比，高强度训练组的CMJ峰值落地力（p=0.041）、SJ最大负位移（p=0.015）和LHT峰值下降落地力（p=0.047）的值显著更高。总之，两周内训练频率的增加显著导致神经肌肉力量表现和峰值落地力下降。这表明强化训练期可能会使运动员不仅会突然出现成绩下降，而且由于吸收落地力的能力降低，受伤风险也会增加。
