National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
Sanya National Research Institute of Breeding in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
Plant Biotechnol J. 2024 Nov;22(11):3218-3226. doi: 10.1111/pbi.14443. Epub 2024 Aug 16.
Germplasm resources serve as the foundations of advancements in breeding and are crucial for maintaining food security. Wild rice species of the genus Oryza include rich sources of genetic diversity and high adaptability, making them a substantial resource for rice breeding. The discovery of wild-type cytoplasmic male sterility resources enabled the achievement of the 'three lines' goal in hybrid rice, significantly increasing rice yields. The application of resistance alleles from wild rice enables rice production to withstand losses caused by stress. Reduced genetic diversity due to rice breeding poses a significant limitation to further advances and can be alleviated through a systematic use of wild genetic resources that integrate geographic, climatic and environmental data of the original habitat, along with extensive germplasm collection and identification using advanced methods. Leveraging technological advancements in plant genomics, the understanding of genetic mechanisms and the application of artificial intelligence and gene editing can further enhance the efficiency and accuracy of this process. These advancements facilitate rapid isolation and functional studies of genes, and precise genome manipulation. This review systematically summarizes the utilization of superior genes and germplasm resources derived from wild rice sources, while also exploring the collection, conservation, identification and utilization of further wild rice germplasm resources. A focus on genome sequencing and biotechnology developments is leading to new breeding and biotechnology opportunities. These new opportunities will not only promote the development of rice varieties that exhibit high yields, superior stress resistance and high quality but also expand the genetic diversity among rice cultivars.
种质资源是育种进展的基础，对维护粮食安全至关重要。野生稻属中的野生稻种包含丰富的遗传多样性和高度的适应性，是水稻育种的重要资源。野生型细胞质雄性不育资源的发现，使得杂交水稻“三系”目标得以实现，大幅提高了水稻产量。野生稻抗性等位基因的应用使水稻生产能够抵御胁迫造成的损失。由于水稻育种导致遗传多样性减少，对进一步发展构成了重大限制，可以通过系统利用整合了原始栖息地地理、气候和环境数据的野生遗传资源，以及利用先进方法进行广泛的种质收集和鉴定来缓解这一问题。利用植物基因组学的技术进步，可以进一步增强对遗传机制的理解和人工智能和基因编辑的应用，从而提高这一过程的效率和准确性。这些进展促进了基因的快速分离和功能研究，以及精确的基因组操作。本综述系统总结了利用野生稻源的优良基因和种质资源，同时探讨了野生稻种质资源的收集、保存、鉴定和利用。对基因组测序和生物技术发展的关注，带来了新的育种和生物技术机遇。这些新机遇不仅将促进高产、抗逆性强、品质优良的水稻品种的发展，还将扩大水稻品种间的遗传多样性。
