Nickel-induced oxidative stress and phospholipid remodeling in cucumber leaves.

Nickel phytotoxicity has been attributed, among others, to oxidative stress. However, little is known about Ni-induced phospholipid modifications, including the oxidative ones. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidative enzyme activities, malondialdehyde and the early lipid oxidation products contents, membrane permeability, phospholipid profile as well as phospholipid unsaturation degree were studied in the 1st and the 2nd leaves of hydroponically grown cucumber seedlings subjected to Ni stress. Compared to the 2nd leaf the 1st one showed stronger visual Ni toxicity symptoms, higher Ni, O and HO accumulation as well as greater enhancement in membrane permeability. Enzyme activities were differently influenced by Ni stress, however most pronounced changes were generally found in the 1st leaf. Ni treatment resulted in oxidation of leaf lipids, which was evidenced by appearance of increased contents of MDA and the early produced oxylipins. Among the latter 9-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid (9-HOTrE) and 13-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid (13-HOTrE) contents showed the most pronounced increase in response to Ni treatment. Exposure to the metal led to the changes in the leaf phospholipid profile and increased degree of phospholipid unsaturation. The obtained results have been discussed in relation to the difference in Ni stress severity between the 1st and the 2nd leaves.