Modi Suraj Kumar, Mohapatra Pragyan, Bhatt Priya, Singh Aishleen, Parmar Avanish Singh, Roy Aniruddha, Joshi Vibhuti, Singh Manu Smriti
Department of Biotechnology, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Center of Excellence for Nanosensors and Nanomedicine, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Med Res Rev. 2025 Jan;45(1):66-96. doi: 10.1002/med.22072. Epub 2024 Aug 16.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is approved for the treatment of certain cancers and precancer lesions. While early Photosensitizers (PS) have found their way to the clinic, research in the last two decades has led to the development of third-generation PS, including photodynamic nanomedicine for improved tumor delivery and minimal systemic or phototoxicity. In terms of nanoparticle design for PDT, we are witnessing a shift from passive to active delivery for improved outcomes with reduced PS dosage. Tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises of a complex and dynamic landscape with myriad potential targets for photodynamic nanocarriers that are surface-modified with ligands. Herein, we review ways to improvise PDT by actively targeting nanoparticles (NPs) to intracellular organelles such as mitochondria or lysosomes and so forth, overcoming the limitations caused by PDT-induced hypoxia, disrupting the blood vascular networks in tumor tissues-vascular targeted PDT (VTP) and targeting immune cells for photoimmunotherapy. We propose that a synergistic outlook will help to address challenges such as deep-seated tumors, metastasis, or relapse and would lead to robust PDT response in patients.
光动力疗法（PDT）已被批准用于治疗某些癌症和癌前病变。虽然早期的光敏剂（PS）已进入临床应用，但过去二十年的研究推动了第三代PS的发展，包括用于改善肿瘤递送以及最小化全身毒性或光毒性的光动力纳米药物。在用于PDT的纳米颗粒设计方面，我们正目睹从被动递送向主动递送的转变，以通过减少PS剂量来改善治疗效果。肿瘤微环境（TME）由一个复杂且动态的格局组成，对于用配体进行表面修饰的光动力纳米载体而言有无数潜在靶点。在此，我们综述了通过将纳米颗粒（NPs）主动靶向细胞内细胞器（如线粒体或溶酶体等）来改进PDT的方法，克服PDT诱导的缺氧所造成的限制，破坏肿瘤组织中的血管网络——血管靶向光动力疗法（VTP）以及靶向免疫细胞进行光免疫治疗。我们提出，协同的观点将有助于应对诸如深部肿瘤、转移或复发等挑战，并将在患者中产生强劲的PDT反应。
