Soybean seed yield, protein, and oil concentration for a modern and old genotype under varying row spacings.

Progress in soybean ( max L.) breeding has led to a reduction in optimal seeding rates due to enhanced branching capacity over time. However, less is known about the changes in canopy architecture between old and modern soybean genotypes at varying row spacing and their impact on yield and seed quality through the main stem and branches. Therefore, this study aimed to i) evaluate yield and seed quality responses of an old and modern soybean genotype at different row spacings and ii) examine the yield and seed quality of branches and the main stem. Trials were conducted in Kansas (United States, US) during 2020 and 2021, comparing two genotypes (old, released in 1980, and modern, released in 2013) at four row spacings (0.19, 0.38, 0.76, and 1.52 m) under rainfed conditions. Seed yield and quality (protein and oil concentrations, %) were assessed at the end of each growing season. In 2021, both genotypes had low and similar yields at all row spacings (averaging 2481 kg ha) with 2.5 % less protein on branches compared to the main stem. However, 2022 resulted in a high-yielding environment, with the modern yielding 50 % more (3584 kg ha) than the old (2315 kg ha) genotype in narrow row spacings (<0.38 m). Additionally, the modern genotype showed a three-fold greater contribution to yield from branches (1113 kg ha) relative to the old genotype (379 kg ha). Despite the high yields observed in narrow rows, the modern genotype maintained protein levels. These results highlight the importance of row spacing as a key management practice for improving yield while maintaining protein levels in high yield conditions.