Wybraniec Caroline, Cournoyer Benoit, Moussard Cécile, Beaupère Marion, Lusurier Léa, Leriche Françoise, Fayolle Karine, Sertillanges Nicolas, Haudin Claire-Sophie, Houot Sabine, Patureau Dominique, Gagne Geneviève, Galia Wessam
Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Research Group Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
UMRF, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Aurillac, France.
Front Microbiol. 2024 Aug 6;15:1346715. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1346715. eCollection 2024.
This study investigated the sanitary quality of digestates resulting from the mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) of urban and agricultural organic wastes (OWs). 40 sanitary indicators, including pathogenic bacteria, antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factor genes, and mobile genetic elements were evaluated using real-time PCR and/or droplet digital PCR. 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 13 pharmaceutical products (PHPs) were also measured. We assessed agricultural OWs from three treatment plants to study the effect of different AD processes (feeding mode, number of stages, pH), and used three laboratory-scale reactors to study the effect of different feed-supplies (inputs). The lab-scale reactors included: Lab1 fed with 97% activated sludge (urban waste) and 3% cow manure; Lab2 fed with 85% sludge-manure mixture supplemented with 15% wheat straw (WS); and Lab3 fed with 81% sludge-manure mixture, 15% WS, and 4% zeolite powder. Activated sludge favored the survival of the food-borne pathogens and , carrying the toxin-encoding genes and Globally, the reactors fed with fecal matter supplemented with straw (Lab2) or with straw and zeolite (Lab3) had a higher hygienization efficiency than the reactor fed uniquely with fecal matter (Lab1). Three pathogenic bacteria (, , and complex), a beta-lactam resistance gene ( ), and three mobile genetic elements (, , and IS) were significantly decreased in Lab2 and Lab3. Moreover, the concentrations of 11 PAHs and 11 PHPs were significantly lower in Lab2 and Lab3 samples than in Lab1 samples. The high concentrations of micropollutants, such as triclosan, found in Lab1, could explain the lower hygienization efficiency of this reactor. Furthermore, the batch-fed reactor had a more efficient hygienization effect than the semi-continuous reactors, with complete removal of the gene, which is involved in the production of the siderophore yersiniabactin, and significant reduction of and . These data suggest that it is essential to control the level of chemical pollutants in raw OWs to optimize the sanitary quality of digestates, and that adding co-substrate, such as WS, may overcome the harmful effect of pollutants.
本研究调查了城市和农业有机废弃物（OWs）中温厌氧消化（AD）产生的沼渣的卫生质量。使用实时荧光定量PCR和/或数字液滴PCR评估了40项卫生指标，包括病原菌、抗菌抗性基因、毒力因子基因和可移动遗传元件。还测定了13种多环芳烃（PAHs）和13种药品（PHPs）。我们评估了来自三个处理厂的农业OWs，以研究不同AD工艺（进料方式、阶段数、pH值）的影响，并使用三个实验室规模的反应器研究不同进料供应（输入物）的影响。实验室规模的反应器包括：Lab1进料97%的活性污泥（城市废弃物）和3%的牛粪；Lab2进料85%的污泥-粪便混合物并补充15%的小麦秸秆（WS）；Lab3进料81%的污泥-粪便混合物、15%的WS和4%的沸石粉。活性污泥有利于食源性病原体 和 的存活，它们携带毒素编码基因 和 。在全球范围内，进料添加秸秆的粪便（Lab2）或添加秸秆和沸石的粪便（Lab3）的反应器比仅进料粪便的反应器（Lab1）具有更高的卫生化效率。三种病原菌（ 、 和 复合体）、一种β-内酰胺抗性基因（ ）和三种可移动遗传元件（ 、 和IS）在Lab2和Lab3中显著减少。此外，Lab2和Lab3样品中11种PAHs和11种PHPs的浓度显著低于Lab1样品。在Lab1中发现的高浓度微污染物，如三氯生，可以解释该反应器较低的卫生化效率。此外，分批进料反应器比半连续反应器具有更高效的卫生化效果，能完全去除参与铁载体耶尔森菌素产生的 基因，并显著减少 和 。这些数据表明，控制原始OWs中化学污染物的水平对于优化沼渣的卫生质量至关重要，并且添加共底物，如WS，可能克服污染物的有害影响。
