Hebei Center for Ecological and Environmental Geology Research, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, PR China; School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, PR China.
School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, PR China.
Environ Res. 2024 Dec 1;262(Pt 1):119817. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119817. Epub 2024 Aug 20.
Monitoring studies have demonstrated the wide presence of N, N'-substituted p-phenylenediamine-derived quinones (PPDQs) in environmental matrices. The general population may be potentially exposed to PPDQs through the consumption of tap water. While, the existence of PPDQs in tap water has not been well examined. To fill this gap, in this study we collected tap water samples from Hangzhou, China, and examined seven homologues of PPDQs in collected samples. All target PPDQs were identified in the collected tap water samples, with distinct detection frequencies (38-89%). PPDQs detected in tap water was dominated by N-(1, 3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPDQ; mean 0.56 ng/L, < LOD-4.0 ng/L). The profiles of PPDQs concentrations in tap water from the four districts of Hangzhou city were slightly different. The daily intake (DI) was found highest for 6PPDQ (mean 14-22 pg/kg bw/day, median 10-15 pg/kg bw/day) through tap water intake. The relatively higher DIs of various PPDQs were displayed for infants (mean 10-22 pg/kg bw/day, median 6.5-15 pg/kg bw/day), relative to the children (8.0-18 pg/kg bw/day, 5.4-12 pg/kg bw/day) and adults (6.7-14 pg/kg bw/day, 4.5-10 pg/kg bw/day). These data are crucial for assessing the overall human exposure to PPDQs. This study first, to our knowledge, reveals the concentrations and profiles of PPDQs in tap water.
监测研究表明，N,N'-取代的对苯二胺衍生的醌（PPDQs）广泛存在于环境基质中。一般人群可能通过饮用自来水而接触到 PPDQs。然而，自来水中是否存在 PPDQs 尚未得到充分研究。为了填补这一空白，本研究采集了中国杭州的自来水样本，并检测了采集样本中 7 种 PPDQ 同系物。在所采集的自来水中均检测到了所有目标 PPDQs，且具有明显的检出频率（38-89%）。自来水中检出的 PPDQs 以 N-(1,3-二甲基丁基)-N'-苯基-对苯二胺（6PPDQ；均值 0.56ng/L，<LOD-4.0ng/L）为主。杭州市四个区自来水中 PPDQs 浓度的分布特征略有不同。通过饮用自来水，6PPDQ 的日均摄入量（DI）最高（均值 14-22pg/kg bw/day，中位数 10-15pg/kg bw/day）。通过饮用自来水，不同 PPDQs 的 DI 相对较高的是婴儿（均值 10-22pg/kg bw/day，中位数 6.5-15pg/kg bw/day），而儿童（8.0-18pg/kg bw/day，5.4-12pg/kg bw/day）和成人（6.7-14pg/kg bw/day，4.5-10pg/kg bw/day）则相对较低。这些数据对于评估人类整体暴露于 PPDQs 非常重要。本研究首次揭示了自来水中 PPDQs 的浓度和分布特征。
