Phyto-pharmacological and computational profiling of Linn. Leaves revealed pharmacological properties against oxidation, hyperglycemia, pain, and diarrhea.

The present study aimed to conduct phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of methanolic crude extract of leaves of Linn. via experimental and computational approaches. Six secondary metabolites were isolated chromatographically, and the structures were elucidated by extensive analyses of high-resolution H and C NMR data. The separated compounds were characterized as β-sitosterol (), β-amyrin (), β-amyrin acetate (), β-amyrin palmitate (), β-amyrone (), and isoscopoletin (). DPPH free radical scavenging assay, tail-tipping method, writhing assay, and castor oil-induced diarrheal mice methods, respectively, were used to assess the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, analgesic, and anti-diarrheal activities of the leaf extract of plant species. The study observed significant reductions (p < 0.05) in the level of blood glucose at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min following the administration of the crude extracts (200 mg/kg body weight (bw) and 400 mg/kg bw). These reductions occurred in a time-dependent manner. Additionally, both doses of the investigated extracts exhibited significant (p < 0.05) central and peripheral analgesic effects compared to morphine (2 mg/kg bw) and diclofenac sodium (50 mg/kg bw), respectively. Furthermore, the 400 mg/kg bw extract demonstrated anti-diarrheal activity, reducing 54.17 % of diarrheal episodes in mice compared to loperamide with 70.83 % inhibition. The computational investigations yielded results consistent with existing findings. The results obtained from molecular docking showed that the isolated compounds had a better or comparable binding affinity to the active binding sites of the glutathione reductase enzyme, mu-opioid receptor, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), glucose transporter 3 (GLUT 3), and kappa opioid receptor. These findings may indicate that the compounds isolated from the plant species have antioxidant, analgesic, hypoglycemic, and anti-diarrheal, properties. Consequently, it was inferred that the plant might be beneficial in dealing with oxidation, diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and pain. Nonetheless, further investigations are necessary to perform thorough phytochemical profiling and elucidate the exact mechanistic ways of the crude extract and the isolated phytoconstituents.