Ahmad Salman Shaheen, Hammad Isha, Rbeiz Katrina, Ebrahimi Chantel T, Alshabani Nuha, McLaughlin Merranda Marie, Kia-Keating Maryam, Weisman de Mamani Amy
Department of Psychology, University of Miami.
Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Psychol Trauma. 2025 Sep;17(6):1202-1211. doi: 10.1037/tra0001764. Epub 2024 Aug 22.
Muslims living in the United States (MLUS), a highly heterogeneous group, experience high rates of discrimination that may cumulatively contribute to traumatic stress. This study explored whether identity-based discrimination (i.e., due to religion, gender, race) was individually and cumulatively associated with psychological distress and exposure to trauma among MLUS.
Fifty-nine MLUS completed the survey at two time points (~1 year apart). We administered measures of discrimination (at Time 1), distress (at Times 1 and 2), and trauma exposure (at Time 2). Multiple linear regressions determined whether discrimination at Time 1 was associated with traumatic exposure or distress at Time 2, after controlling for covariates. Mediation analyses determined whether the relationship between cumulative discrimination and distress at Time 2 occurred via distress at Time 1.
MLUS who reported experiencing both religious and racial discrimination also reported greater exposure to traumatic events, after controlling for covariates. All three forms of identity-based discrimination (religion, race, gender) were individually and cumulatively (i.e., experiencing all three) associated with distress at Time 1, but not Time 2. However, the relationships between cumulative discrimination at Time 1 and distress at Time 2 were mediated by distress at Time 1. U.S.-born Muslims were particularly at risk for experiencing discrimination, distress, and traumatic exposure.
Experiences of discrimination may have a cumulative impact on trauma and psychological distress among MLUS. This study underscores the need for targeted interventions that assess MLUS clients' discriminatory experiences to develop a more holistic conceptualization, better support systems, and the most effective approaches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
生活在美国的穆斯林群体（MLUS）高度异质，经历着高比例的歧视，这些歧视可能会累积导致创伤性压力。本研究探讨了基于身份的歧视（即由于宗教、性别、种族）是否分别以及累积地与MLUS群体的心理困扰和创伤暴露相关。
59名MLUS在两个时间点（相隔约1年）完成了调查。我们在时间1测量了歧视情况，在时间1和时间2测量了困扰情况，在时间2测量了创伤暴露情况。多元线性回归在控制协变量后，确定时间1的歧视是否与时间2的创伤暴露或困扰相关。中介分析确定时间2累积歧视与困扰之间的关系是否通过时间1的困扰发生。
在控制协变量后，报告同时经历宗教和种族歧视的MLUS也报告了更高的创伤事件暴露率。所有三种基于身份的歧视形式（宗教、种族、性别）在时间1分别和累积地（即同时经历所有三种）与困扰相关，但在时间2则不然。然而，时间1累积歧视与时间2困扰之间的关系是由时间1的困扰介导的。在美国出生的穆斯林尤其面临遭受歧视、困扰和创伤暴露的风险。
歧视经历可能会对MLUS群体的创伤和心理困扰产生累积影响。本研究强调需要有针对性的干预措施，评估MLUS群体客户的歧视经历，以形成更全面的概念化、更好的支持系统和最有效的方法。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2025美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
