Department of Economics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda de la Universitat 1, Reus, 43204, Spain.
Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, Carrer de la Universitat de Girona 10, Campus de Montilivi, Girona, 17003, Spain.
BMC Public Health. 2024 Aug 22;24(1):2284. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-19817-8.
Few panel studies have investigated how different types of mental health (MH) and socio-emotional wellbeing (SEW) outcomes have changed during the pandemic and if their burden has been equally distributed at the population-level. We aimed to examine temporal changes in these outcomes and their socio-ecological predictors using panel data.
Longitudinal population-based survey with overlapping panels.
Analyses were carried out using four measurements of data from the Health and Social Survey (April 2020 to April 2021). Participants included Andalusian (Spanish) residents aged 16 years or older who participated in all four measurements (n = 1223). Seven dichotomous MH and SEW outcomes, as well as several socio-ecological predictors informed by a conceptual model, were examined in descriptive and multivariate analyses.
Unadjusted odds of regular/bad perceived mental health (vs. excellent/very good/good), low socio-emotional wellbeing (vs. regular), low happiness (vs. regular), and feeling anxious (vs. not feeling anxious) decreased significantly from the first to the second measurement; however, in the fourth, low socio-emotional wellbeing significantly increased while low optimism decreased. Considering varying coefficients, objectively measured COVID-19 status and self-reported severity levels of the infection were statistically significant. Health status, social support, and household financial difficulty predicted higher adjusted odds in most of the seven assessed outcomes.
Significant temporal variations in MH and SEW outcomes, along with their predictors, were observed during the first year of the pandemic. Some of these outcomes worsened as the pandemic progressed, whereas others improved. Findings also suggest that some individuals such as those experiencing poor health, limited social support, and low socioeconomic status are disproportionately impacted.
很少有面板研究调查在大流行期间不同类型的心理健康（MH）和社会情感健康（SEW）结果如何变化，以及它们在人群层面上的负担是否平均分配。我们旨在使用面板数据研究这些结果及其社会生态预测因子的时间变化。
具有重叠面板的纵向基于人群的调查。
使用来自健康和社会调查（2020 年 4 月至 2021 年 4 月）的四次数据测量进行分析。参与者包括参加了所有四次测量的安达卢西亚（西班牙）16 岁或以上的居民（n=1223）。在描述性和多变量分析中检查了七种二分法 MH 和 SEW 结果以及几个基于概念模型的社会生态预测因子。
未经调整的定期/不良感知心理健康（与优秀/非常好/良好相比）、低社会情感健康（与定期相比）、低幸福感（与定期相比）和焦虑感（与不焦虑相比）的可能性从第一次测量到第二次测量显著降低；然而，在第四次测量中，低社会情感健康显著增加，而低乐观情绪下降。考虑到变化系数，客观测量的 COVID-19 状态和自我报告的感染严重程度具有统计学意义。健康状况、社会支持和家庭经济困难预测了大多数七种评估结果中的调整后更高的可能性。
在大流行的第一年观察到 MH 和 SEW 结果及其预测因子的显著时间变化。随着大流行的发展，其中一些结果恶化，而另一些结果改善。研究结果还表明，一些人，如健康状况不佳、社会支持有限和社会经济地位较低的人，受到不成比例的影响。
