A comprehensive review on the treatment of pesticide-contaminated wastewater with special emphasis on organophosphate pesticides using constructed wetlands.

Pesticides pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems due to their persistent nature and adverse effects on biota. The increased detection of pesticides in various water bodies has prompted research into their toxicological impacts and potential remediation strategies. However, addressing this issue requires the establishment of robust regulatory frameworks to determine safe thresholds for pesticide concentrations in water and the development of effective treatment methods. This assessment underscores the complex ecological risks associated with organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) and emphasizes the urgent need for strategic management and regulatory measures. This study presents a detailed examination of the global prevalence of OPPs and their potential adverse effects on aquatic and human life. A comprehensive risk assessment identifies azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, and profenfos as posing considerable ecological hazard to fathead minnow, daphnia magna, and T. pyriformis. Additionally, this review explores the potential efficacy of constructed wetlands (CWs) as a sustainable approach for mitigating wastewater contamination by diverse pesticide compounds. Furthermore, the review assess the effectiveness of CWs for treating wastewater contaminated with pesticides by critically analyzing the removal mechanism and key factors. The study suggests that the optimal pH range for CWs is 6-8, with higher temperatures promoting microbial breakdown and lower temperatures enhancing pollutant removal through adsorption and sedimentation. The importance of wetland vegetation in promoting sorption, absorption, and degradation processes is emphasized. The study emphasizes the importance of hydraulic retention time (HRT) in designing, operating, and maintaining CWs for pesticide-contaminated water treatment. The removal efficiency of CWs ranges from 38% to 100%, depending on factors like pesticide type, substrate materials, reactor setup, and operating conditions.