Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Anal Chim Acta. 2024 Sep 22;1323:342889. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342889. Epub 2024 Jun 20.
Separation analytical methods, including liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), in combination with an appropriate detection technique, are dominant and powerful approaches preferred in the analysis of pharmaceutical and biomedical samples. Recent trends in analytical methods are focused on activities that push them to the field of greenness and sustainability. New approaches based on the implementation of greener solvents, non-hazardous chemicals, and reagents have grown exponentially. Similarly, recent trends are pushed in to the strategies based on miniaturization, reduction of wastes, avoiding derivatization procedures, or reduction of energy consumption. However, the real greenness of the analytical method can be evaluated only according to an objective and sufficient metric offering complex results taking into account all twelve rules of green analytical chemistry (SIGNIFICANCE mnemonic system). This review provides an extensive overview of papers published in the area of development of green LC and CE methods in the field of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis over the last 5 years (2019-2023). The main focus is situated on the metrics used for greenness evaluation of the methods applied for the determination of bioactive agents. It critically evaluates and compares the demands of the real applicability of the methods in quality control and clinical environment with the requirements of the green analytical chemistry (GAC). Greenness and practicality of the summarized methods are re-evaluated or newly evaluated with the use of the dominant metrics tools, i.e., Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), and Sample Preparation Metric of Sustainability (SPMS). Moreover, general conclusions and future perspectives of the greening procedures and greenness evaluation metrics systems are presented. This paper should provide comprehensive information to analytical chemists, biochemists, and it can also represent a valuable source of information for clinicians, biomedical or quality control laboratories interested in development of analytical methods based on greenness, practicality, and sustainability.
分离分析方法，包括液相色谱（LC）和毛细管电泳（CE），结合适当的检测技术，是分析药物和生物医学样品的主要和强大方法。分析方法的最新趋势集中在推动它们走向绿色和可持续性领域的活动上。基于使用更环保的溶剂、无毒化学品和试剂的新方法呈指数级增长。同样，最近的趋势也推动了基于微型化、减少废物、避免衍生化程序或减少能源消耗的策略。然而，只有根据提供考虑到绿色分析化学 12 条规则的所有复杂结果的客观和充分指标，才能评估分析方法的真正绿色性（SIGNIFICANCE 助记符系统）。本综述广泛概述了过去 5 年（2019-2023 年）在药物和生物医学分析领域开发绿色 LC 和 CE 方法的文献。主要重点是应用于测定生物活性物质的方法的绿色性评估中使用的指标。它批判性地评估和比较了方法在质量控制和临床环境中的实际适用性的要求与绿色分析化学（GAC）的要求。使用主导指标工具，即分析绿色度（AGREE）、绿色分析程序指数（GAPI）、蓝色适用性等级指数（BAGI）和可持续性样品制备指标（SPMS），对总结方法的绿色度和实用性进行重新评估或新评估。此外，还提出了绿色化程序和绿色度评估指标体系的一般结论和未来展望。本文应为分析化学家、生物化学家提供全面的信息，也可以为有兴趣基于绿色、实用性和可持续性开发分析方法的临床医生、生物医学或质量控制实验室提供有价值的信息来源。
