Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, 10022, USA.
Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3125, Australia.
Brain Imaging Behav. 2024 Oct;18(5):1144-1152. doi: 10.1007/s11682-024-00910-w. Epub 2024 Aug 27.
Head motion is a major confounding variable for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis, and is commonly seen in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study investigated the trajectory of change in head motion in typically developing children and children with ADHD, and examined possible altered trajectories in head motion between children with remitted and persistent ADHD. 105 children with ADHD and 84 controls completed diffusion and resting-state functional MRI scans at up to three waves over ages 9-14 years. In-scanner head motion was calculated using framewise displacement, and longitudinal trajectories analyzed using generalized additive mixed modelling. Results revealed a significant age effect on framewise displacement where head motion decreased as age increased during both diffusion (p < .001) and resting-state functional MRI (p < .001). A significant effect of group was also observed; children with ADHD displayed greater framewise displacement than controls over the age range (diffusion MRI p = .036, functional MRI p = .004). Further analyses revealed continued elevation in head motion in children in remission from ADHD (diffusion MRI p = .020, functional MRI p = .011) compared to controls. Rates of change in head motion did not significantly differ between diagnostic groups. Findings indicate a critical link between in-scanner head motion and developmental age within children regardless of ADHD diagnosis, important to consider in studies of neurodevelopment. Findings also suggest change in head motion with age does not differ between individuals with remitted and persistent ADHD, adding further evidence that behavioral manifestations of ADHD may continue despite clinical remission.
头部运动是磁共振成像（MRI）分析的一个主要混杂变量，在注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）等神经发育障碍患者中很常见。本研究调查了正常发育儿童和 ADHD 儿童头部运动变化的轨迹，并检查了缓解和持续 ADHD 儿童之间头部运动轨迹的可能改变。105 名 ADHD 儿童和 84 名对照者在 9-14 岁期间完成了多达 3 次扩散和静息态功能 MRI 扫描。使用框架位移计算扫描内头部运动，并使用广义加性混合模型分析纵向轨迹。结果显示，框架位移存在显著的年龄效应，即扩散（p<0.001）和静息态功能 MRI（p<0.001）期间，随着年龄的增长，头部运动减少。还观察到组间的显著影响；在整个年龄范围内，ADHD 儿童的框架位移大于对照组（扩散 MRI p=0.036，功能 MRI p=0.004）。进一步分析显示，与对照组相比，从 ADHD 缓解的儿童的头部运动仍持续升高（扩散 MRI p=0.020，功能 MRI p=0.011）。头部运动的变化率在诊断组之间没有显著差异。研究结果表明，无论 ADHD 诊断如何，扫描内头部运动与儿童发育年龄之间存在关键联系，这在神经发育研究中很重要。研究结果还表明，年龄变化的头部运动在缓解和持续 ADHD 个体之间没有差异，进一步证明 ADHD 的行为表现可能持续存在，尽管临床缓解。
