Identification of Diptera Puparia in Forensic and Archeo-Funerary Contexts.

Diptera identification is fundamental in forensic entomology as well as in funerary archeoentomology, where the challenge is exacerbated by the presence of immature stages such as larvae and puparia. In these two developmental stages, specimens possess a very limited number of diagnostic features, and for puparia, there is also a lack of identification tools such as descriptions and identification keys. Morphological analysis, DNA-based techniques, and cuticular chemical analyses all show good potential for species identification; however, they also have some limitations. DNA-based identification is primarily hindered by the incompleteness of genetic databases and the presence of PCR inhibitors often co-extracted from the puparial cuticle. Chemical analysis of the cuticle is showing promising results, but this approach is also limited by the insufficient profile database and requires specific, expensive equipment, as well as trained personnel. Additionally, to ensure the repeatability of the analysis-a critical aspect in forensic investigations-and to preserve precious and unique specimens from museum collections, non-invasive protocols and techniques must be prioritized for species identification.