Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
Tomography. 2024 Aug 2;10(8):1192-1204. doi: 10.3390/tomography10080090.
Spine radiographs in the standing position are the recommended standard for diagnosing idiopathic scoliosis. Though the deformity exists in 3D, its diagnosis is currently carried out with the help of 2D radiographs due to the unavailability of an efficient, low-cost 3D alternative. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are not suitable in this case, as they are obtained in the supine position. Research on 3D modelling of scoliotic spine began with multiplanar radiographs and later moved on to biplanar radiographs and finally a single radiograph. Nonetheless, modern advances in diagnostic imaging have the potential to preserve image quality and decrease radiation exposure. They include the DIERS formetric scanner system, the EOS imaging system, and ultrasonography. This review article briefly explains the technology behind each of these methods. They are compared with the standard imaging techniques. The DIERS system and ultrasonography are radiation free but have limitations with respect to the quality of the 3D model obtained. There is a need for 3D imaging technology with less or zero radiation exposure and that can produce a quality 3D model for diseases like adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Accurate 3D models are crucial in clinical practice for diagnosis, planning surgery, patient follow-up examinations, biomechanical applications, and computer-assisted surgery.
站立位脊柱 X 光片是诊断特发性脊柱侧凸的推荐标准。尽管畸形存在于 3D 中，但由于缺乏有效、低成本的 3D 替代方案，目前仍借助 2D 射线照片进行诊断。CT 和 MRI 不适合这种情况，因为它们是在仰卧位获得的。脊柱侧凸 3D 建模的研究始于多平面射线照片，后来发展到双平面射线照片，最后发展到单张射线照片。尽管如此，诊断成像的现代进展有可能在保持图像质量的同时降低辐射暴露。其中包括 DIERS 形态测量扫描仪系统、EOS 成像系统和超声检查。本文简要介绍了这些方法背后的技术。将它们与标准成像技术进行了比较。DIERS 系统和超声检查是无辐射的，但在获得的 3D 模型质量方面存在局限性。对于特发性脊柱侧凸等疾病，需要一种具有低或零辐射暴露且能生成高质量 3D 模型的 3D 成像技术。准确的 3D 模型对于临床诊断、手术规划、患者随访检查、生物力学应用和计算机辅助手术至关重要。
