The Antibacterial Potential of Brazilian Red Propolis against the Formation and Eradication of Biofilm of .

is associated with gastrointestinal diseases, and its treatment is challenging due to antibiotic-resistant strains, necessitating alternative therapies. Brazilian red propolis (BRP), known for its diverse bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical properties, was investigated for its anti- activity, focusing on biofilm formation inhibition and eradication. BRP was tested against (ATCC 43526) using several assays: time-kill, nucleotide leakage, biofilm formation inhibition (determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of biofilm of 50%-MICB, and cell viability), and biofilm eradication (determining the minimum eradication concentration of biofilm of 99.9%-MBEC). Standardization of biofilm formation was also conducted. In the time-kill assay, BRP at 50 µg/mL eliminated all cells after 24 h. The nucleotide leakage assay showed no significant differences between control groups and BRP-treated groups at 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL. formed biofilms in vitro at 10 CFU/mL after 72 h. The MICB of BRP was 15.6 µg/mL, and at 500, 1000, and 2000 µg/mL, BRP eradicated all bacterial cells. The MBEC was 2000 µg/mL. These findings suggest that BRP has promising anti- activity, effectively inhibiting and eradicating biofilms. Further studies are necessary to elucidate BRP's mechanisms of action against .