Krakowski Przemysław, Rejniak Adrian, Sobczyk Jakub, Karpiński Robert
Department of Trauma Surgery and Emergency Medicine, Medical University, 20-059 Lublin, Poland.
Orthopaedic and Sports Traumatology Department, Carolina Medical Center, Pory 78, 02-757 Warsaw, Poland.
Healthcare (Basel). 2024 Aug 19;12(16):1648. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12161648.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common causes of disability around the globe, especially in aging populations. The main symptoms of OA are pain and loss of motion and function of the affected joint. Hyaline cartilage has limited ability for regeneration due to its avascularity, lack of nerve endings, and very slow metabolism. Total joint replacement (TJR) has to date been used as the treatment of end-stage disease. Various joint-sparing alternatives, including conservative and surgical treatment, have been proposed in the literature; however, no treatment to date has been fully successful in restoring hyaline cartilage. The mechanical and frictional properties of the cartilage are of paramount importance in terms of cartilage resistance to continuous loading. OA causes numerous changes in the macro- and microstructure of cartilage, affecting its mechanical properties. Increased friction and reduced load-bearing capability of the cartilage accelerate further degradation of tissue by exerting increased loads on the healthy surrounding tissues. Cartilage repair techniques aim to restore function and reduce pain in the affected joint. Numerous studies have investigated the biological aspects of OA progression and cartilage repair techniques. However, the mechanical properties of cartilage repair techniques are of vital importance and must be addressed too. This review, therefore, addresses the mechanical and frictional properties of articular cartilage and its changes during OA, and it summarizes the mechanical outcomes of cartilage repair techniques.
骨关节炎（OA）是全球致残的最常见原因之一，在老龄人口中尤为如此。OA的主要症状是疼痛以及受影响关节的活动和功能丧失。透明软骨因其无血管、缺乏神经末梢且新陈代谢非常缓慢，再生能力有限。迄今为止，全关节置换术（TJR）一直被用作终末期疾病的治疗方法。文献中已经提出了各种保留关节的替代方法，包括保守治疗和手术治疗；然而，迄今为止，尚无治疗方法能完全成功地恢复透明软骨。就软骨对持续负荷的抵抗力而言，软骨的机械和摩擦性能至关重要。OA会导致软骨的宏观和微观结构发生诸多变化，从而影响其机械性能。软骨摩擦力增加和承重能力降低，会通过对周围健康组织施加更大负荷，加速组织的进一步退化。软骨修复技术旨在恢复受影响关节的功能并减轻疼痛。众多研究已经对OA进展和软骨修复技术的生物学方面进行了调查。然而，软骨修复技术的机械性能也至关重要，必须加以探讨。因此，本综述阐述了关节软骨的机械和摩擦性能及其在OA过程中的变化，并总结了软骨修复技术的力学效果。
