State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
Molecules. 2024 Aug 15;29(16):3869. doi: 10.3390/molecules29163869.
The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been widely used around the world in both agricultural and non-agricultural fields due to its high activity. However, the heavy use of 2,4-D has resulted in serious environmental contamination, posing a significant risk to non-target organisms, including human beings. This has raised substantial concerns regarding its impact. In addition to agricultural use, accidental spills of 2,4-D can pose serious threats to human health and the ecosystem, emphasizing the importance of prompt pollution remediation. A variety of technologies have been developed to remove 2,4-D residues from the environment, such as incineration, adsorption, ozonation, photodegradation, the photo-Fenton process, and microbial degradation. Compared with traditional physical and chemical remediation methods, microorganisms are the most effective way to remediate 2,4-D pollution because of their rich species, wide distribution, and diverse metabolic pathways. Numerous studies demonstrate that the degradation of 2,4-D in the environment is primarily driven by enzymatic processes carried out by soil microorganisms. To date, a number of bacterial and fungal strains associated with 2,4-D biodegradation have been isolated, such as , , , , , , and . Moreover, several key enzymes and genes responsible for 2,4-D biodegradation are also being identified. However, further in-depth research based on multi-omics is needed to elaborate their role in the evolution of novel catabolic pathways and the microbial degradation of 2,4-D. Here, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent progress on elucidating the degradation mechanisms of the herbicide 2,4-D, including the microbial strains responsible for its degradation, the enzymes participating in its degradation, and the associated genetic components. Furthermore, it explores the complex biochemical pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of 2,4-D. In addition, molecular docking techniques are employed to identify crucial amino acids within an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent 2,4-D dioxygenase that interacts with 2,4-D, thereby offering valuable insights that can inform the development of effective strategies for the biological remediation of this herbicide.
除草剂 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）由于其高活性，已在农业和非农业领域广泛使用。然而，2,4-D 的大量使用导致了严重的环境污染，对包括人类在内的非目标生物构成了重大风险。这引起了人们对其影响的极大关注。除了农业用途外，2,4-D 的意外泄漏也会对人类健康和生态系统造成严重威胁，强调了及时进行污染修复的重要性。已经开发出多种技术来去除环境中的 2,4-D 残留，例如焚烧、吸附、臭氧化、光降解、光-Fenton 过程和微生物降解。与传统的物理和化学修复方法相比，由于微生物具有丰富的物种、广泛的分布和多样化的代谢途径，因此是修复 2,4-D 污染最有效的方法。许多研究表明，土壤微生物进行的酶促过程是环境中 2,4-D 降解的主要驱动力。迄今为止，已经分离出与 2,4-D 生物降解相关的许多细菌和真菌菌株，例如 、 、 、 、 、 和 。此外，还确定了一些负责 2,4-D 生物降解的关键酶和基因。然而，需要基于多组学进行进一步深入研究，以详细阐述它们在新型代谢途径进化和 2,4-D 微生物降解中的作用。在这里，本综述全面分析了阐明除草剂 2,4-D 降解机制的最新进展，包括负责其降解的微生物菌株、参与其降解的酶以及相关的遗传成分。此外，还探讨了 2,4-D 生物降解涉及的复杂生化途径和分子机制。此外，还采用分子对接技术鉴定了与 2,4-D 相互作用的α-酮戊二酸依赖性 2,4-D 双加氧酶中的关键氨基酸，为开发这种除草剂的有效生物修复策略提供了有价值的见解。
