Laboratório de Toxicologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas (PPGSIS), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Brazil.
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Brazil.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 May 10;924:171680. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171680. Epub 2024 Mar 11.
The 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a low-cost herbicide to eradicate broadleaf weeds. Since the development of 2,4-D resistant transgenic crops, it has been described as one of the most widely distributed pollutants in the world, increasing concern about its environmental impacts. This study aimed to elucidate the antioxidant system response in animals exposed to 2,4-D by different routes of exposure. It focused on determining if tissue, phylogenetic group, and herbicide formulation would influence the antioxidant mechanisms. A careful literature search of Scopus, WoS, and Science Direct retrieved 6983, 24,098, and 20,616 articles, respectively. The dataset comprised 390 control-treatment comparisons and included three routes of exposure: transgenerational, oral, and topical. The data set for transgenerational and oral exposure revealed oxidative stress through a decrease in enzymatic activities and the level of molecules of the antioxidant system. In contrast, topical exposure increased the oxidative stress. Tissue-specific analyses revealed that the transgenerational effects reduced hepatic catalase (CAT) activity. Oral exposure caused a variety of effects, including increased CAT activity in the prostate and decreased activity in various tissues. Mammals predominate in the transgenerational and oral groups, showing a significantly reduced activity of the antioxidant system. In contrast, in the topical exposure, an increased activity of oxidative stress biomarkers was observed in fish, earthworms, and mollusks. The effects of the 2,4-D formulation on oxidative stress responses showed significant differences between pure and commercial formulations, with oral exposure resulting in decreased activity and topical exposure increasing responses. In summary, orally exposed animals exhibited a clear decrease in enzyme activities, transgenerational exposure elicited tissue-specific prompted biochemical reductions, and topical exposure induced increased responses, emphasizing the need for unbiased exploration of the effects of 2,4-D on biomarkers of oxidative stress while addressing publication bias in oral and topical datasets.
2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）是一种低成本的除草剂，用于消灭阔叶杂草。自从 2,4-D 抗性转基因作物的发展以来，它已被描述为世界上分布最广泛的污染物之一，引起了人们对其环境影响的关注。本研究旨在阐明动物暴露于 2,4-D 不同暴露途径下的抗氧化系统反应。它专注于确定组织、系统发育群和除草剂配方是否会影响抗氧化机制。在 Scopus、WoS 和 Science Direct 上进行了仔细的文献检索，分别检索到 6983、24098 和 20616 篇文章。该数据集包含 390 个对照-处理比较，包括三种暴露途径：代际、口服和局部。代际和口服暴露的数据显示，通过降低酶活性和抗氧化系统分子水平，导致氧化应激。相比之下，局部暴露增加了氧化应激。组织特异性分析表明，代际影响降低了肝脏过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性。口服暴露导致多种效应，包括前列腺 CAT 活性增加和各种组织中活性降低。在代际和口服组中，哺乳动物占主导地位，抗氧化系统的活性明显降低。相比之下，在局部暴露中，鱼类、蚯蚓和软体动物的氧化应激生物标志物活性增加。2,4-D 配方对氧化应激反应的影响在纯配方和商业配方之间显示出显著差异，口服暴露导致活性降低，局部暴露增加反应。总之，口服暴露的动物表现出明显的酶活性降低，代际暴露引起组织特异性的生化降低，局部暴露诱导增加的反应，强调在解决口服和局部数据集的发表偏倚的同时，需要对 2,4-D 对氧化应激生物标志物的影响进行无偏探索。
