: What Should We Know?

Even though malaria has markedly reduced its global burden, it remains a serious threat to people living in or visiting malaria-endemic areas. The six species (, , , , and ) are known to associate with human malaria by the mosquito. Highlighting the dynamic nature of malaria transmission, the simian malaria parasite has recently been transferred to humans. The first human natural infection case of was confirmed in 2011, and the number of cases is gradually increasing. It is assumed that it was probably misdiagnosed as in the past due to its similar morphological features and genome sequences. Comprehensive perspectives that encompass the relationships within the natural environment, including parasites, vectors, humans, and reservoir hosts (macaques), are required to understand this zoonotic malaria and prevent potential unknown risks to human health.