Huang Fujiao, Liu Fangyan, Zhen Xiaofang, Gong Shu, Chen Wenbi, Song Zhangyong
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
The Public Platform of Cell Biotechnology, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
Microorganisms. 2024 Aug 16;12(8):1690. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12081690.
Rhinosinusitis is a common inflammatory disease of the sinonasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses. The pathogenesis of rhinosinusitis involves a variety of factors, including genetics, nasal microbiota status, infection, and environmental influences. Pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi, have been proven to target the cilia and/or epithelial cells of ciliated airways, which results in the impairment of mucociliary clearance, leading to epithelial cell apoptosis and the loss of epithelial barrier integrity and immune dysregulation, thereby facilitating infection. However, the mechanisms employed by pathogenic microorganisms in rhinosinusitis remain unclear. Therefore, this review describes the types of common pathogenic microorganisms that cause rhinosinusitis, including human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, , , , etc. The damage of mucosal cilium clearance and epithelial barrier caused by surface proteins or secreted virulence factors are summarized in detail. In addition, the specific inflammatory response, mainly Type 1 immune responses (Th1) and Type 2 immune responses (Th2), induced by the entry of pathogens into the body is discussed. The conventional treatment of infectious sinusitis and emerging treatment methods including nanotechnology are also discussed in order to improve the current understanding of the types of microorganisms that cause rhinosinusitis and to help effectively select surgical and/or therapeutic interventions for precise and personalized treatment.
鼻窦炎是鼻窦黏膜和鼻旁窦的一种常见炎症性疾病。鼻窦炎的发病机制涉及多种因素，包括遗传学、鼻腔微生物群状态、感染和环境影响。包括病毒、细菌和真菌在内的病原微生物已被证明会攻击纤毛气道的纤毛和/或上皮细胞，这会导致黏液纤毛清除功能受损，进而导致上皮细胞凋亡、上皮屏障完整性丧失和免疫失调，从而促进感染。然而，病原微生物在鼻窦炎中所采用的机制仍不清楚。因此，本综述描述了引起鼻窦炎的常见病原微生物类型，包括人鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒等。详细总结了表面蛋白或分泌的毒力因子对黏膜纤毛清除和上皮屏障的损害。此外，还讨论了病原体进入体内所引发的特定炎症反应，主要是1型免疫反应（Th1）和2型免疫反应（Th2）。为了增进目前对引起鼻窦炎的微生物类型的了解，并有助于有效地选择手术和/或治疗干预措施以进行精准和个性化治疗，还讨论了感染性鼻窦炎的传统治疗方法以及包括纳米技术在内的新兴治疗方法。
