Blepharospasm and Meige syndrome: a review of diagnostic, aetiological and treatment approaches.

No known pathophysiological mechanism can explain the majority of cases of blepharospasm, i.e. spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle; it may also affect the lower face, neck and jaw--Meige syndrome. Only symptomatic treatment is possible, and surgery should be a last resort for severe cases. Much more clinical research will be required before promising behavioural interventions, including biofeedback, can be considered treatments of choice.