Cetacean Conservation Medicine Group, Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research (CEPEC), Museo de Delfines, Pucusana, Lima 20, Peru.
Biodiversity Unit, ProDelphinus, Miraflores Lima 18, Peru.
Med Mycol. 2024 Sep 6;62(9). doi: 10.1093/mmy/myae089.
Lobomycosis, also called paracoccidioidomycosis ceti, is a chronic mycotic cutaneous disease affecting odontocetes. Lobomycosis-like disease (LLD) has a clinical presentation consistent with lobomycosis but lacks a histological and molecular diagnosis. We review the literature on lobomycosis aetiology, clinical signs and pathogenesis, species affected and geographic distribution and examine the factors influencing the presence, transmission and prevalence of the disease, to better understand its ecology. In addition, we provide unpublished information on LLD in two common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) communities inhabiting the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Lobomycosis and LLD occur in Delphinidae from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans between 33°N and 35°S. Primary risk factors include habitat, sex, age, sociality, and pollution. In dolphins from the Americas and Japan, lobomycosis is caused by Paracoccidioides ceti, family Ajellomycetaceae. The disease is characterized by cutaneous granulomatous lesions that may occur anywhere on the body, grow to large size, and may ulcerate. Histologically, the lesions consist of acanthosis and histiocytic granulomas between the skin and subcutaneous tissues, with inflammatory changes that extend deep into the dermis. Multiple yeast cells with a double refringent layer stained positive using Gomori-Grocott methenamine silver in the dermis of a T. truncatus from Ecuador diagnosed with LLD since 2011, a first record for the Southeast Pacific. Injuries may enable the entry of P. ceti into the dermis while skin contact likely favours transmission, putting males at higher risk than females. Lobomycosis and LLD may have a negative impact on small communities already threatened by anthropogenic factors.
海棉状菌病，也称为海生拟球孢子菌病，是一种影响齿鲸科动物的慢性真菌性皮肤疾病。类海棉状菌病（LLD）具有与海棉状菌病一致的临床特征，但缺乏组织学和分子诊断。我们回顾了海棉状菌病的病因、临床症状和发病机制、受影响的物种和地理分布的文献，并检查了影响疾病存在、传播和流行的因素，以更好地了解其生态学。此外，我们还提供了厄瓜多尔瓜亚基尔湾两个常见宽吻海豚（Tursiops truncatus）群体中未发表的 LLD 信息。海棉状菌病和 LLD 发生在大西洋、太平洋和印度洋的 Delphinidae 中，纬度在 33°N 和 35°S 之间。主要风险因素包括栖息地、性别、年龄、社会性和污染。在来自美洲和日本的海豚中，海棉状菌病是由 Paracoccidioides ceti 引起的，属于子囊菌门。该疾病的特征是皮肤肉芽肿性病变，可能发生在身体的任何部位，生长到很大的尺寸，并可能溃疡。组织学上，病变由皮肤和皮下组织之间的棘皮和组织细胞肉芽肿组成，真皮深层有炎症改变。在 2011 年以来被诊断为 LLD 的一只厄瓜多尔宽吻海豚的真皮中，发现了多个具有双折射层的酵母细胞，使用 Gomori-Grocott 甲胺银染色呈阳性，这是东南太平洋地区的首例记录。损伤可能使 P. ceti 进入真皮，而皮肤接触可能有利于传播，使雄性比雌性面临更高的风险。海棉状菌病和 LLD 可能对已经受到人为因素威胁的小社区产生负面影响。
