Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA E-mail:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
J Water Health. 2024 Aug;22(8):1472-1490. doi: 10.2166/wh.2024.106. Epub 2024 Jul 22.
The increasing occurrence of saxitoxins in freshwaters is becoming a concern for water treatment facilities owing to its structural properties which make it resistant to oxidation at pH < 8. Hence, it is crucial to be able to monitor these toxins in surface and drinking water to protect public health. This review aims to outline the current state of knowledge related to the occurrence of saxitoxins in freshwaters and its removal strategies and provide a critical assessment of the detection methods to provide a basis for further development. Temperature and nutrient content are some of the factors that influence the production of saxitoxins in surface waters. A high dose of sodium hypochlorite with sufficient contact time or activated carbon has been shown to efficiently remove extracellular saxitoxins to meet the drinking water guidelines. While HILIC-MS has proven to be a powerful technology for more sensitive and reliable detection of saxitoxin and variants after solid phase extraction, ELISA is cost-effective and easy to use and is used by Ohio EPA for surveillance with a limit of detection of 0.015 μg/L. However, there is a need for the development of cost-effective and sensitive techniques that can quantify the variants of saxitoxin.
由于结构特性，导致在 pH<8 时它不易被氧化，因此，水中存在的石房蛤毒素的日益增多，引起了人们对水处理设施的关注。因此，监测地表水和饮用水中的这些毒素以保护公众健康至关重要。本文旨在概述有关淡水中石房蛤毒素的存在及其去除策略的现有知识，并对检测方法进行批判性评估，为进一步发展提供依据。温度和营养物含量是影响地表水石房蛤毒素产生的一些因素。高剂量的次氯酸钠与足够的接触时间或活性炭已被证明可以有效地去除细胞外石房蛤毒素，以达到饮用水标准。虽然亲水相互作用色谱-质谱联用技术（HILIC-MS）已被证明是固相萃取后检测石房蛤毒素及其变体的强大技术，但酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）具有成本效益和易于使用的特点，俄亥俄州环境保护局（Ohio EPA）用于监测，检测限为 0.015μg/L。然而，需要开发具有成本效益和灵敏度的技术来定量检测石房蛤毒素的变体。
