population dynamics in a vancomycin-induced murine model of gastrointestinal carriage.

is a common nosocomial pathogen and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Multiple reports highlight that gastrointestinal colonization may precede systemic infections by this pathogen. Gaining a deeper insight into the dynamics of gastrointestinal carriage is an essential step in managing gastrointestinal colonization and could contribute to preventing bacterial transmission and progression to systemic infection. Here, we present a clinically relevant mouse model relying on parenteral vancomycin pretreatment and a single orogastric gavage of a controlled dose of Robust carriage was observed with multiple clinical isolates, and carriage persisted for up to 60 days. Histological and microbiological examination of mice indicated that this model indeed represented carriage and not infection. We then used a barcoded library along with the sequence tag-based analysis of microbial populations (STAMPR) analytic pipeline to quantify bacterial population dynamics and bottlenecks during the establishment of the gastrointestinal carriage. Analysis indicated that most of the population was rapidly eliminated in the stomach, but the few bacteria that moved to the small intestine and the caecum expanded significantly. Hence, the stomach constitutes a significant barrier against gastrointestinal carriage of which may have clinical implications for hospitalized patients.