Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2024 Nov 1;37(6):381-387. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000965. Epub 2024 Aug 22.
The incidence of eating disorders has increased worldwide. This narrative review gives an overview of research on etiology and risk factors of eating disorders published in 2022-2024.
Eating disorders arise from a complex set of risk factors. The recent increase in incidence of eating disorders can be linked to root causes that include sociocultural pressure to conform to unrealistic and gendered body ideals, rise in obesogenic environments, and the global COVID-19 pandemic. Recent studies have shown that screen time and social media intensify sociocultural pressure to look a certain way. Individual-specific risk factors also increase the likelihood of onset of eating disorders. These include sports, stressful and traumatic life events, family factors, and psychological factors, including disgust sensitivity, aversive experiences, low self-esteem, perfectionism, neuroticism, obsessive-compulsive and impulsive features, and emotional dysregulation. Preexisting mental health conditions, particularly anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder, and neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism and attention-deficit hyperactive disorder, are also associated with increased eating disorder risk. Genetic and biological factors contribute both to risk and resiliency.
The risk factors of eating disorders are well established. Future studies should focus on increasing resilience and preventive interventions.
全球范围内，饮食失调的发病率有所上升。本综述概述了 2022 年至 2024 年发表的关于饮食失调病因和风险因素的研究。
饮食失调是由一系列复杂的风险因素引起的。饮食失调发病率的最近上升可归因于一些根本原因，包括为了迎合不切实际的、性别化的身体理想而产生的社会文化压力、肥胖环境的增加，以及全球 COVID-19 大流行。最近的研究表明，屏幕时间和社交媒体加剧了追求特定外表的社会文化压力。个体特有的风险因素也增加了饮食失调发病的可能性。这些因素包括运动、压力和创伤性生活事件、家庭因素以及心理因素，包括厌恶敏感性、不愉快的经历、低自尊、完美主义、神经质、强迫冲动特征和情绪调节障碍。先前存在的心理健康状况，特别是焦虑、抑郁和创伤后应激障碍，以及神经发育状况，如自闭症和注意力缺陷多动障碍，也与增加的饮食失调风险相关。遗传和生物因素既与风险有关，也与恢复力有关。
饮食失调的风险因素已经确立。未来的研究应侧重于增加恢复力和预防干预措施。
