Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR School for Public Health Research (NIHR SPHR), England, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK.
MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK; Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Environ Int. 2024 Sep;191:108963. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108963. Epub 2024 Aug 18.
There is increasing evidence that air pollution and noise may have detrimental psychological impacts, but there are few studies evaluating adolescents, ground-level ozone exposure, multi-exposure models, or metrics beyond outdoor residential exposure. This study aimed to address these gaps.
Annual air pollution and traffic noise exposure at home and school were modelled for adolescents in the Greater London SCAMP cohort (N=7555). Indoor, outdoor and hybrid environments were modelled for air pollution. Cognitive and mental health measures were self-completed at two timepoints (baseline aged 11-12 and follow-up aged 13-15). Associations were modelled using multi-level multivariate linear or ordinal logistic regression.
This is the first study to investigate ground-level ozone exposure in relation to adolescent executive functioning, finding that a 1 interquartile range increase in outdoor ozone corresponded to -0.06 (p < 0.001) z-score between baseline and follow-up, 38 % less improvement than average (median development + 0.16). Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO), 24-hour traffic noise, and particulate matter < 10 µg/m (PM) were also significantly associated with slower executive functioning development when adjusting for ozone. In two-pollutant models, particulate matter and ozone were associated with increased externalising problems. Daytime and evening noise were associated with higher anxiety symptoms, and 24-hour noise with worse speech-in-noise perception (auditory processing). Adjusting for air pollutants, 24-hour noise was also associated with higher anxiety symptoms and slower fluid intelligence development.
Ozone's potentially detrimental effects on adolescent cognition have been overlooked in the literature. Our findings also suggest harmful impacts of other air pollutants and noise on mental health. Further research should attempt to replicate these findings and use mechanistic enquiry to enhance causal inference. Policy makers should carefully consider how to manage the public health impacts of ozone, as efforts to reduce other air pollutants such as NO can increase ozone levels, as will the progression of climate change.
越来越多的证据表明，空气污染和噪声可能对心理健康产生不利影响，但很少有研究评估青少年、地面臭氧暴露、多暴露模型或超出室外居住暴露的指标。本研究旨在解决这些差距。
对伦敦 SCAMP 队列中的青少年（N=7555 人）的家庭和学校的年度空气污染和交通噪声暴露情况进行建模。对室内、室外和混合环境进行了空气污染建模。认知和心理健康测量在两个时间点（基线年龄为 11-12 岁和随访年龄为 13-15 岁）由青少年自我完成。使用多层次多变量线性或有序逻辑回归模型来模拟关联。
这是第一项研究地面臭氧暴露与青少年执行功能之间关系的研究，结果发现，室外臭氧每增加一个四分位距，与基线与随访之间的-0.06（p<0.001）z 分数相对应，比平均水平改善低 38%（中位数发育+0.16）。调整臭氧后，二氧化氮（NO）、24 小时交通噪声和小于 10µg/m 的颗粒物（PM）的暴露也与执行功能发展较慢显著相关。在双污染物模型中，颗粒物和臭氧与更多的外化问题有关。白天和晚上的噪音与更高的焦虑症状有关，24 小时的噪音与更差的语音噪声感知（听觉处理）有关。在调整空气污染物后，24 小时的噪声也与更高的焦虑症状和更慢的流体智力发展有关。
臭氧对青少年认知可能产生的有害影响在文献中被忽视了。我们的研究结果还表明，其他空气污染物和噪声对心理健康也有不良影响。进一步的研究应尝试复制这些发现，并利用机制研究来增强因果推断。政策制定者应仔细考虑如何管理臭氧对公共卫生的影响，因为减少其他空气污染物（如 NO）的努力会增加臭氧水平，气候变化的发展也是如此。
