Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
Results Probl Cell Differ. 2024;73:435-474. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_18.
Viruses are vehicles to exchange genetic information and proteins between cells and organisms by infecting their target cells either cell-free, or depending on cell-cell contacts. Several viruses like certain retroviruses or herpesviruses transmit by both mechanisms. However, viruses have also evolved the properties to exchange proteins between cells independent of viral particle formation. This exchange of viral proteins can be directed to target cells prior to infection to interfere with restriction factors and intrinsic immunity, thus, making the target cell prone to infection. However, also bystander cells, e.g. immune cell populations, can be targeted by viral proteins to dampen antiviral responses. Mechanistically, viruses exploit several routes of cell-cell communication to exchange viral proteins like the formation of extracellular vesicles or the formation of long-distance connections like tunneling nanotubes. Although it is known that viral nucleic acids can be transferred between cells as well, this chapter concentrates on viral proteins of human pathogenic viruses covering all Baltimore classes and summarizes our current knowledge on intercellular transport of viral proteins between cells.
病毒通过感染其靶细胞，以游离或依赖细胞间接触的方式，在细胞间交换遗传信息和蛋白质，是一种载体。某些逆转录病毒或疱疹病毒等几种病毒通过这两种机制传播。然而，病毒也进化出了在不形成病毒颗粒的情况下在细胞间交换蛋白质的特性。这种病毒蛋白的交换可以在感染前靶向靶细胞，以干扰限制因子和固有免疫，从而使靶细胞容易感染。然而，被病毒蛋白靶向的旁观者细胞，如免疫细胞群体，也可以被抑制抗病毒反应。从机制上讲，病毒利用几种细胞间通讯途径来交换病毒蛋白，如形成细胞外囊泡或形成长距离连接，如隧道纳米管。尽管已知细胞间也可以转移病毒核酸，但本章集中讨论了人类致病病毒的病毒蛋白，涵盖了所有巴尔的摩分类，并总结了我们目前对病毒蛋白在细胞间的细胞间运输的认识。
