Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Department of Energy, Riverside, CA, 92507, United States.
J Environ Manage. 2024 Nov;370:122429. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122429. Epub 2024 Sep 8.
Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) denotes the aggregate value of ecosystem services (ESs) supplied by all ecosystem types within an accounting area for a given accounting period in monetary units and represents one of the multiple types of measures of ES values. The value of each ES is typically calculated by multiplying the ES's quantity by the ES's unit value that may be reflected by various proxies, such as market price, replacement cost, and avoided damage cost. As an economic, ecological, or environmental indicator, GEP should be calculated based on certain standards, allowing for comparison over time and across regions. While many standards, including which ESs to account for and what proxies for ESs' values to use, should be unified to improve the comparability of GEP, this standardization does not mean a single GEP accounting system is sufficient to achieve multiple goals. Instead, at least two accounting systems with different applicability and levels of sophistication are needed. (1) To assess environmental status, ecosystems' capacities to provide ESs, and the performance of environmental governance, there should be a simplified system that accounts for both realized ESs (actually received by humans) and potential ESs (beyond actual humans demands) and adopts a nationwide unified constant unit value of each ES. (2) To assess ESs' actual contributions to socioeconomic development and human well-being, there should be a more sophisticated system that accounts for realized ESs only and adopts a dynamic unit value of each ES. This dynamic unit value should be adjusted to fit local socioeconomic and ecological contexts, consider the tipping point or threshold in each ES's quantity, and reflect the diminishment or increment in the marginal utility of each ES.
总生态系统产品（Gross Ecosystem Product，GEP）表示在特定核算期内，核算区域内所有生态系统类型提供的生态系统服务（Ecosystem Services，ES）的综合价值，以货币单位表示，是生态系统服务价值的多种度量类型之一。每种生态系统服务的价值通常通过将其数量乘以其单位价值来计算，单位价值可以通过各种替代物来反映，例如市场价格、重置成本和避免损害成本。作为经济、生态或环境指标，GEP 应根据某些标准进行计算，以便在时间和区域上进行比较。虽然包括应核算哪些生态系统服务以及应使用哪些生态系统服务价值替代物在内的许多标准都应统一，以提高 GEP 的可比性，但这种标准化并不意味着单一的 GEP 核算系统足以实现多个目标。相反，至少需要两种具有不同适用性和复杂程度的核算系统。(1) 为了评估环境状况、生态系统提供生态系统服务的能力以及环境治理的绩效，应该有一个简化的系统，既核算已实现的生态系统服务（实际上被人类所获得的）和潜在的生态系统服务（超出实际人类需求的），又采用全国统一的每个生态系统的固定单位价值。(2) 为了评估生态系统对社会经济发展和人类福祉的实际贡献，应该有一个更复杂的系统，只核算已实现的生态系统服务，并采用每个生态系统的动态单位价值。这种动态单位价值应根据当地社会经济和生态背景进行调整，考虑每个生态系统服务数量的临界点或阈值，并反映每个生态系统边际效用的减少或增加。
