Vallar Giuseppe
Department of Psychology, and Mind and Behavior Technological Center - Mibtec, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
J Neuropsychol. 2025 Mar;19 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):8-25. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12389. Epub 2024 Sep 8.
Since the early 1900s, the terms body schema and body image denoted the internal representations of the body. Bonnier's (1905, Revue Neurologique, 13, 605) schema is a conscious spatial representation of the size, shape, and position of the body, and of body parts, whose dysfunction brings about aschématia, and hypo-, hyper-, and paraschématia. The two schemata of Head and Holmes (1911, Brain, 34, 102) are an unconscious plastic postural schema, for the maintenance of posture and balance and for the coding of the position of body parts, and a conscious superficial schema, for the localisation of somatosensory stimuli. Pick's (1922, Psychologische Forschung, 1, 303) body schema refers to a structural description of the body, including the position of body parts and their spatial relationships, defective in autotopagnosia. Schilder's (1935, The image and appearance of the human body) body image is a comprehensive construct, covering physiological, evolutional, neurological and neuropsychological, psychiatric and sociological aspects. Lhermitte's (1939, L'image de notre corps) image, based on the views of the abovementioned authors, is defective in bodily neuropsychological disorders. The two terms have been used interchangeably, to denote (hemi-)asomatognosia, anosognosia, autotopagnosia, depersonalisation, personal neglect, phantom and supernumerary limbs, somatoparaphrenia. Their properties have been summarized with general dichotomies: schema for action in space ("where" system), image for perception ("what" system), after primary sensory processing. While schema and image fractionated into multiple representations of aspects of the body, the two terms are still used to refer to some of these representations, and to their disorders.
自20世纪初以来，身体图式和身体意象这两个术语一直用于表示身体的内部表征。邦尼尔（1905年，《神经学评论》，第13卷，第605页）提出的图式是对身体及其各部分大小、形状和位置的一种有意识的空间表征，其功能障碍会导致身体图式缺失、身体图式减退、身体图式亢进和身体图式错乱。黑德和霍姆斯（1911年，《大脑》，第34卷，第102页）提出的两种图式，一种是无意识的可塑性姿势图式，用于维持姿势和平衡以及对身体各部分位置进行编码；另一种是有意识的表层图式，用于躯体感觉刺激的定位。皮克（1922年，《心理学研究》，第1卷，第303页）提出的身体图式是对身体的一种结构描述，包括身体各部分的位置及其空间关系，在自体部位失认症中存在缺陷。席尔德（1935年，《人体的意象与外观》）提出的身体意象是一个综合概念，涵盖生理、进化、神经学与神经心理学、精神病学和社会学等方面。勒米特（1939年，《我们身体的意象》）提出基于上述作者观点的意象，在身体神经心理障碍中存在缺陷。这两个术语一直被交替使用，以表示（偏侧）身体失认症、疾病感缺失、自体部位失认症、人格解体、身体忽视、幻肢和多指畸形、躯体妄想性失认症。它们的特性已通过一般二分法进行了总结：空间行动图式（“哪里”系统），感知意象（“什么”系统），这是在初级感觉处理之后。虽然图式和意象可细分为身体各方面的多种表征，但这两个术语仍用于指代其中一些表征及其障碍。
