Karwa Vineet, Wanjari Anil, Kumar Sunil, Dhondge Rushikesh H, Patil Rajvardhan, Kothari Manjeet
Department of Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND.
Cureus. 2024 Aug 6;16(8):e66341. doi: 10.7759/cureus.66341. eCollection 2024 Aug.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading global health concern, and effective primary prevention strategies are essential to mitigate its impact. This comprehensive review examines current risk assessment strategies for primary prevention of CVD, emphasizing the importance of early identification and intervention to reduce disease incidence. Traditional risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and lifestyle choices are discussed alongside emerging factors, including genetic predispositions and biomarkers. The review evaluates various risk assessment tools and models, such as the Framingham risk score, atherosclerotic CVD risk calculator, QRISK, and Reynolds risk score, highlighting their methodologies, strengths, and limitations. Additionally, the review explores lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, physical activity, weight management, smoking cessation, and pharmacological interventions like statins and antihypertensives. Special considerations for different populations, including the elderly, women, and those with a family history of CVD, are addressed. Future directions in cardiovascular risk assessment are also discussed, focusing on technological advancements and personalized medicine. This review aims to enhance the implementation of effective primary prevention measures and improve cardiovascular health outcomes by providing a thorough analysis of risk assessment strategies.
心血管疾病（CVD）是全球主要的健康问题，有效的一级预防策略对于减轻其影响至关重要。本综述全面审视了心血管疾病一级预防的当前风险评估策略，强调早期识别和干预对于降低疾病发病率的重要性。文中讨论了传统风险因素，如高血压、高脂血症、吸烟和生活方式选择，以及新兴因素，包括遗传易感性和生物标志物。该综述评估了各种风险评估工具和模型，如弗雷明汉风险评分、动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病风险计算器、QRISK和雷诺兹风险评分，突出了它们的方法、优势和局限性。此外，该综述探讨了生活方式的改变，包括饮食变化、体育活动、体重管理、戒烟以及他汀类药物和抗高血压药物等药物干预措施。文中还讨论了针对不同人群的特殊考虑因素，包括老年人、女性以及有心血管疾病家族史的人群。同时也探讨了心血管风险评估的未来方向，重点是技术进步和个性化医疗。本综述旨在通过对风险评估策略进行全面分析，加强有效一级预防措施的实施，改善心血管健康状况。
